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| CDP-choline |
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| CHEBI:16436 |
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| A member of the class of phosphocholines that is the choline ester of CDP. It is an intermediate obtained in the biosynthetic pathway of structural phospholipids in cell membranes. |
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This entity has been manually annotated by the ChEBI Team.
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CHEBI:41440, CHEBI:13268, CHEBI:3268, CHEBI:20867
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| ChemicalBook:CB4343598 |
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more structures >>
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0 0 29 50 1 0 0 0 0 29 51 1 0 0 0 0 30 52 1 0 0 0 0 30 53 1 0 0 0 0 30 54 1 0 0 0 0 31 55 1 0 0 0 0 31 56 1 0 0 0 0 31 57 1 0 0 0 0 M CHG 2 24 -1 28 1 M END): 19 ms reading 57 atoms ModelSet: haveSymmetry:false haveUnitcells:false haveFractionalCoord:false 1 model in this collection. 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| Citicoline (INN), also known as cytidine diphosphate-choline (CDP-choline) or cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine is an intermediate in the generation of phosphatidylcholine from choline, a common biochemical process in cell membranes. Citicoline is naturally occurring in the cells of human and animal tissue, in particular the organs. |
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Read full article at Wikipedia
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InChI=1S/C14H26N4O11P2/c1- 18(2,3)6-7-26-30(22,23)29-31(24,25)27-8-9-11(19)12(20)13(28-9)17-5-4-10(15)16-14(17)21/h4-5,9,11-13,19-20H,6-8H2,1-3H3,(H3-,15,16,21,22,23,24,25)/t9-,11-,12-,13-/m1/s1 |
| RZZPDXZPRHQOCG-OJAKKHQRSA-N |
| C[N+](C)(C)CCOP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)n1ccc(N)nc1=O |
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Mus musculus
(NCBI:txid10090)
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Source: BioModels - MODEL1507180067
See:
PubMed
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(NCBI:txid4932)
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Source: yeast.sf.net
See:
PubMed
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Homo sapiens
(NCBI:txid9606)
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See:
DOI
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Bronsted base
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid).
(via organic amino compound )
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ).
human metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
mouse metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
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psychotropic drug
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
neuroprotective agent
Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
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5'-O-[hydroxy({[2-(trimethylammonio)ethoxy]phosphinato}oxy)phosphoryl]cytidine
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citicolina
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ChemIDplus
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citicolinum
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ChemIDplus
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[2-CYTIDYLATE-O'-PHOSPHONYLOXYL]-ETHYL-TRIMETHYL-AMMONIUM
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PDBeChem
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CDP-colina
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ChemIDplus
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Citicoline
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KEGG COMPOUND
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citidin difosfato de colina
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ChemIDplus
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cyticholine
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ChEBI
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Cytidindiphosphocholin
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ChemIDplus
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cytidine 5'-(choline diphosphate)
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ChemIDplus
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cytidine 5'-(cholinyl pyrophosphate)
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ChemIDplus
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Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine
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KEGG COMPOUND
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cytidine 5'-diphosphoric choline
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ChemIDplus
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664
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DrugCentral
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C00007231
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KNApSAcK
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C00307
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KEGG COMPOUND
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CDC
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PDBeChem
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Citicoline
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Wikipedia
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D00057
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KEGG DRUG
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DB04290
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DrugBank
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HMDB0001413
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HMDB
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| View more database links |
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4170138
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Reaxys Registry Number
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Reaxys
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987-78-0
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CAS Registry Number
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ChemIDplus
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d'Avanzo N, Paolino D, Barone A, Ciriolo L, Mancuso A, Christiano MC, Tolomeo AM, Celia C, Deng X, Fresta M (2024)
OX26-cojugated gangliosilated liposomes to improve the post-ischemic therapeutic effect of CDP-choline.
Drug delivery and translational research 14, 2771-2787 [PubMed:38478324]
[show Abstract]
Cerebrovascular impairment represents one of the main causes of death worldwide with a mortality rate of 5.5 million per year. The disability of 50% of surviving patients has high social impacts and costs in long period treatment for national healthcare systems. For these reasons, the efficacious clinical treatment of patients, with brain ischemic stroke, remains a medical need. To this aim, a liposome nanomedicine, with monosialic ganglioside type 1 (GM1), OX26 (an anti-transferrin receptor antibody), and CDP-choline (a neurotrophic drug) (CDP-choline/OX26Lip) was prepared. CDP-choline/OX26Lip were prepared by a freeze and thaw method and then extruded through polycarbonate filters, to have narrow size distributed liposomes of ~80 nm. CDP-choline/OX26Lip were stable in human serum, they had suitable pharmacokinetic properties, and 30.0 ± 4.2% of the injected drug was still present in the blood stream 12 h after its systemic injection. The post-ischemic therapeutic effect of CDP-choline/OX26Lip is higher than CDP-choline/Lip, thus showing a significantly high survival rate of the re-perfused post-ischemic rats, i.e. 96% and 78% after 8 days. The treatment with CDP-choline/OX26Lip significantly decreased the peroxidation rate of ~5-times compared to CDP-choline/Lip; and the resulting conjugated dienes, that was 13.9 ± 1.1 mmol/mg proteins for CDP-choline/Lip and 3.1 ± 0.8 for CDP-choline/OX26Lip. OX26 increased the accumulation of GM1-liposomes in the brain tissues and thus the efficacious of CDP-choline. Therefore, this nanomedicine may represent a strategy for the reassessment of CDP-choline to treat post-ischemic events caused by brain stroke, and respond to a significant clinical need. | González-Pacheco H, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Franco M, Arias-Mendoza A, Ortega-Hernández JA, Massó F (2024)
Cytoprotection as an Innovative Therapeutic Strategy to Cardiogenic Shock: Exploring the Potential of Cytidine-5-Diphosphocholine to Mitigate Target Organ Damage.
Journal of vascular research 61, 160-165 [PubMed:38776883]
[show Abstract]
BackgroundPreservation of organ function and viability is a crucial factor for survival in cardiogenic shock (CS) patients. There is not information enough on cytoprotective substances that may delay organs damage in CS. We hypothesize that cytidine-5-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) can act as a cytoprotective pharmacological measure that diminishes the target organ damage. So, we aimed to perform a review of works carried out in our institution to evaluate the effect of therapeutic cytoprotection of the CDP-choline.SummaryCDP-choline is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It is also a useful drug for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases and has shown an excellent pharmacological safety profile as well. We review our institution's work and described the cytoprotective effects of CDP-choline in experimental models of heart, liver, and kidney acute damage, where this compound was shown to diminish reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias, oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death, inflammation, lactic acid levels and to preserve mitochondrial function.Key messagesWe propose that additional research is needed to evaluate the impact of cytoprotective therapy adjuvant to mitigate target organ damage in patients with CS. | Eralp Inan O, Kocaturk M, Cansev M, Ozarda Y, Yilmaz Z, Ulus IH (2024)
Thromboelastographic evaluation of the effectiveness of choline or CDP-choline treatment on endotoxin-induced hemostatic alterations in dogs.
Research in veterinary science 171, 105205 [PubMed:38479101]
[show Abstract]
Sepsis/endotoxemia associates with coagulation abnormalities. We showed previously that exogenous choline treatment reversed the changes in platelet count and function as well as prevented disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in endotoxemic dogs. The aim of this follow-up study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with choline or cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), a choline donor, on endotoxin-induced hemostatic alterations using thromboelastography (TEG). Dogs were randomized to six groups and received intravenously (iv) saline, choline (20 mg/kg) or CDP-choline (70 mg/kg) in the control groups, whereas endotoxin (0.1 mg/kg, iv) was used alone or in combination with choline or CDP-choline at the same doses in the treatment groups. TEG variables including R- and K-time (clot formation), maximum amplitude (MA) and α-angle (clot stability), G value (clot elasticity), and EPL, A, and LY30 (fibrinolysis), as well as overall assessment of coagulation (coagulation index - CI), were measured before and at 0.5-48 h after the treatments. TEG parameters did not change significantly in the control groups, except for CI parameter after choline administration. Endotoxemia resulted in increased R-time and A value (P < 0.05), decreased K-time (P < 0.05), α-angle (P < 0.001) and CI values (P < 0.01) at different time points. Treatment with either choline or CDP-choline attenuated or prevented completely the alterations in TEG parameters in endotoxemic dogs with CDP-choline being more effective. These results confirm and extend the effectiveness of choline or CDP-choline in endotoxemia by further demonstrating their efficacy in attenuating or preventing the altered viscoelastic properties of blood clot measured by TEG. | Coskun NC, Buyucek S (2024)
The effects of CDP-choline treatment in Amanita phalloides mushroom toxicosis.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 241, 107688 [PubMed:38484849]
[show Abstract]
Amanita phalloides poisoning is known to be the most fatal case among mushroom poisoning cases. Its main mechanism of toxicity is that it leads to cell death by the irreversible binding of its toxins to the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II enzyme. This study was planned to analyze the effects of the CDP-choline molecule on Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning cases. The extract of the Amanita phalloides mushroom was taken and intraperitoneally administered to male Wistar Albino rats at a dose of 0.3 g/kg. In the experiment phase, the rats were divided into three groups of CDP-choline treatment according to the doses of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg, and one control group was administered a 1 ml/kg dose of 0.9% isotonic NaCl solution. The treatments were then administered intraperitoneally at the 2nd hour, and at the 6th hour, the rats were sacrificed. The degree of damage in the liver and kidney tissues of the rats was evaluated histopathologically. It was concluded that CDP-choline reduced or prevented the damage that occurred in the liver significantly and dose-dependently in the toxicosis picture caused by Amanita phalloides, and it showed a tendency to lower or prevent the damage in the kidney, albeit not significantly. | Pannu S, Exline MC, Bednash JS, Englert JA, Diaz P, Bartlett A, Brock G, Wu Q, Davis IC, Crouser ED (2024)
SCARLET (Supplemental Citicoline Administration to Reduce Lung injury Efficacy Trial): study protocol for a single-site, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, and randomized Phase 1/2 trial of i.v. citicoline (CDP-choline) in hospitalized SARS CoV-2-infected patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure.
Trials 25, 328 [PubMed:38760804]
[show Abstract]
BackgroundThe SARS CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in more than 1.1 million deaths in the USA alone. Therapeutic options for critically ill patients with COVID-19 are limited. Prior studies showed that post-infection treatment of influenza A virus-infected mice with the liponucleotide CDP-choline, which is an essential precursor for de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis, improved gas exchange and reduced pulmonary inflammation without altering viral replication. In unpublished studies, we found that treatment of SARS CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2-transgenic mice with CDP-choline prevented development of hypoxemia. We hypothesize that administration of citicoline (the pharmaceutical form of CDP-choline) will be safe in hospitalized SARS CoV-2-infected patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (HARF) and that we will obtain preliminary evidence of clinical benefit to support a larger Phase 3 trial using one or more citicoline doses.MethodsWe will conduct a single-site, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, and randomized Phase 1/2 dose-ranging and safety study of Somazina® citicoline solution for injection in consented adults of any sex, gender, age, or ethnicity hospitalized for SARS CoV-2-associated HARF. The trial is named "SCARLET" (Supplemental Citicoline Administration to Reduce Lung injury Efficacy Trial). We hypothesize that SCARLET will show that i.v. citicoline is safe at one or more of three doses (0.5, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg, every 12 h for 5 days) in hospitalized SARS CoV-2-infected patients with HARF (20 per dose) and provide preliminary evidence that i.v. citicoline improves pulmonary outcomes in this population. The primary efficacy outcome will be the SpO2:FiO2 ratio on study day 3. Exploratory outcomes include Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, dead space ventilation index, and lung compliance. Citicoline effects on a panel of COVID-relevant lung and blood biomarkers will also be determined.DiscussionCiticoline has many characteristics that would be advantageous to any candidate COVID-19 therapeutic, including safety, low-cost, favorable chemical characteristics, and potentially pathogen-agnostic efficacy. Successful demonstration that citicoline is beneficial in severely ill patients with SARS CoV-2-induced HARF could transform management of severely ill COVID patients.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at www.Clinicaltrialsgov on 5/31/2023 (NCT05881135).Trial statusCurrently enrolling. | Świątkiewicz M, Grieb P (2023)
Citicoline for Supporting Memory in Aging Humans.
Aging and disease 14, 1184-1195 [PubMed:37196134]
[show Abstract]
Citicoline is the generic name of CDP-choline, a natural metabolite presents in all living cells. Used in medicine as a drug since the 1980-s, citicoline was recently pronounced a food ingredient. When ingested, citicoline breaks down to cytidine and choline, which become incorporated into their respective normal metabolic pathways. Choline is a precursor of acetylcholine and phospholipids; these is a neurotransmitter pivotal for learning and memory and important constituents of neuronal membranes and myelin sheaths, respectively. Cytidine in humans is readily converted to uridine, which exerts a positive effect on synaptic function and supports the formation of synaptic membranes. Choline deficiency has been found to be correlated with memory dysfunction. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies showed that citicoline intake improves brain uptake of choline in older persons, suggestive of that it shall help in reversing early age-related cognitive changes. In randomized, placebo-controlled trials of cognitively normal middle-aged and elderly persons, positive effects of citicoline on memory efficacy were found. Similar effects of citicoline on memory indices were also found in patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment and some other neurological diseases. Altogether, the aforementioned data provide complex and unambiguous evidence supporting the claim that oral citicoline intake positively influences memory function in humans who encounter age-related memory impairment also in the absence of any detectable neurological or psychiatric disease. | Koc C, Cakir A, Salman B, Ocalan B, Alkan T, Kafa IM, Cetinkaya M, Cansev M (2023)
Preventive effects of antenatal CDP-choline in a rat model of neonatal hyperoxia-induced lung injury.
Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology 101, 65-73 [PubMed:36524681]
[show Abstract]
Antenatal steroid administration to pregnant women at risk of prematurity provides pulmonary maturation in infants, while it has limited effects on incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the clinical expression of hyperoxia-induced lung injury (HILI). Cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) was shown to alleviate HILI when administered to newborn rats. Therefore, we investigated effects of maternal administration of CDP-choline, alone or in combination with betamethasone, on lung maturation in neonatal rats subjected to HILI immediately after birth. Pregnant rats were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments: saline (1 mL/kg), CDP-choline (300 mg/kg), betamethasone (0.4 mg/kg), or CDP-choline plus betamethasone (combination therapy). From postnatal day 1 to 11, pups born to mothers in the same treatment group were pooled and randomly assigned to either normoxia or hyperoxia group. Biochemical an d histopathological effects of CDP-choline on neonatal lung tissue were evaluated. Antenatal CDP-choline treatment increased levels of phosphatidylcholine and total lung phospholipids, decreased apoptosis, and improved alveolarization. The outcomes were further improved with combination therapy compared to the administration of CDP-choline or betamethasone alone. These results demonstrate that antenatal CDP-choline treatment provides benefit in experimental HILI either alone or more intensively when administered along with a steroid, suggesting a possible utility for CDP-choline against BPD. | Gudi V, Grieb P, Linker RA, Skripuletz T (2023)
CDP-choline to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis: the need for a clinical trial.
Neural regeneration research 18, 2599-2605 [PubMed:37449595]
[show Abstract]
Multiple sclerosis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that leads to demyelination and neuronal cell death, resulting in functional disability. Remyelination is the natural repair process of demyelination, but it is often incomplete or fails in multiple sclerosis. Available therapies reduce the inflammatory state and prevent clinical relapses. However, therapeutic approaches to increase myelin repair in humans are not yet available. The substance cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine, CDP-choline, is ubiquitously present in eukaryotic cells and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of cellular phospholipids. Regenerative properties have been shown in various animal models of diseases of the central nervous system. We have already shown that the compound CDP-choline improves myelin regeneration in two animal models of multiple sclerosis. However, the results from the animal models have not yet been studied in patients with multiple sclerosis. In this review, we summarise the beneficial effects of CDP-choline on biolipid metabolism and turnover with regard to inflammatory and regenerative processes. We also explain changes in phospholipid and sphingolipid homeostasis in multiple sclerosis and suggest a possible therapeutic link to CDP-choline. | Başkaya MK, Doğan A, Rao AM, Dempsey RJ (2000)
Neuroprotective effects of citicoline on brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown after traumatic brain injury.
Journal of neurosurgery 92, 448-452 [PubMed:10701532]
[show Abstract]
ObjectCytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDPC), or citicoline, is a naturally occurring endogenous compound that has been reported to provide neuroprotective effects after experimental cerebral ischemia. However, in no study has such protection been shown after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study the authors examined the effect of CDPC on secondary injury factors, brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, after TBI.MethodsAfter anesthesia had been induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by using 1.5% halothane, an experimental TBI was created using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device with a velocity of 3 m/second, resulting in a 2-mm deformation. Four sham-operated control animals used for brain edema and BBB breakdown studies underwent the same surgical procedure, but received no injury. Brain edema was evaluated using the wet-dry method 24 hours postinjury, and BBB breakdown was evaluated by measuring Evans blue dye (EBD) extravasation with fluorescein 6 hours after TBI. The animals received intraperitoneal injections of CDPC (50, 100, or 400 mg/kg two times after TBI [eight-10 animals in each group]) or saline (eight animals) after TBI. Traumatic brain injury induced an increase in the percentage of water content and in EBD extravasation in the injured cortex and the ipsilateral hippocampus. No significant benefit from CDPC treatment was observed at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine at a dose of 100 mg/kg attenuated EBD extravasation in both regions, although it reduced brain edema only in the injured cortex. In both regions, 400 mg/ kg of CDPC significantly decreased brain edema and BBB breakdown.ConclusionsThis is the first report in which dose-dependent neuroprotective effects of CDPC have been demonstrated in the injured cortex as well as in the hippocampus, a brain region known to be vulnerable to injury, after experimental TBI. The results of this study suggest that CDPC is an effective neuroprotective agent on secondary injuries that appear following TBI. | Fioravanti M, Yanagi M (2000)
Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsCD000269 [PubMed:10796523]
[show Abstract]
BackgroundThe prevalent use of this compound in the treatment of disorders of a cerebrovascular nature does not mean that a homogeneous and consistent application of this therapy has been applied. Dosage, method of administration, and selection criteria of patients have varied. The modalities of the studies, including length of observation, severity of disturbance, and methodology of the evaluation of the results were also heterogeneous. In spite of uncertainties about its efficacy, CDP-choline is a frequently prescribed drug for cognitive impairment in several European countries, especially when the clinical picture is predominantly one of cerebrovascular disease, hence the need for this review.ObjectivesThe objective is to assess the efficacy of CDP-choline (cytidinediphosphocholine) in the treatment of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural deficits associated with chronic cerebral disorders of the elderly.Search strategyThe CDCIG register of trials was searched for all relevant, non-animal randomised controlled trials using the terms CDP-choline/CDP, Citicoline, Cytidine Diphosphate Choline and Diphosphocholine. The Psychlit (1974-1996), Psychiatry (1980-1996) and MEDLINE electronic databases have been searched independently by the reviewers. The reviewers have also contacted manufacturers of CDP-choline.Selection criteriaAll relevant, non-animal, unconfounded, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trials of CDP-choline in cognitive impairment due to chronic cerebral disorders will be considered for inclusion in the review.Data collection and analysisTwo reviewers independently reviewed the included studies, extracted the data, and pooled it when appropriate and possible. The pooled odd ratios (95% CI) or the average differences (95% CI) were estimated. No intention-to-treat data were available from the studies included.Main resultsSeven of the included studies observed the subjects for a period between 20 to 30 days, one study was of 6 weeks duration, 2 studies used cycles extending over 2 and 3 months and one study observed continuous administration over 3 months. The studies were heterogeneous in dose, inclusion criteria for subjects, and outcome measures. Results are reported for the domains of attention, memory testing, behavioural rating scales, global clinical impression and tolerability. There was no significant evidence of a beneficial effect of CDP-choline on attention. There were modest, but significant, beneficial effects of CDP-choline on memory function and behaviour. For the outcome of clinical global impression, the odds ratio for improvement in the subjects treated with CDP-Choline as opposed to the subjects treated with placebo was 8.89 [5.19, 15.22]. The drug was well tolerated.Reviewer's conclusionsThere is some evidence that CDP Choline has a positive effect on memory and behaviour in at least the short term. The evidence of benefit from global impression is stronger, but is still limited by the duration of the studies. There is evidence that the effect of treatment is more homogeneous for patients with cognitive impairment secondary to cerebrovascular disorder. Other studies with a more appropriate length of treatment are recommended owing to the chronic and irreversible nature of the disorders for which this treatment is indicated. | Secades JJ, Frontera G (1995)
CDP-choline: pharmacological and clinical review.
Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology 17 Suppl B, 1-54 [PubMed:8709678]
[show Abstract]
Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, CDP-choline or citicoline, is an essential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of the structural phospholipids of cell membranes, especially in that of phosphatidylcholine. Upon oral or parenteral administration, CDP-choline releases its two principle components, cytidine and choline. When administered orally, it is absorbed almost completely, and its bioavailability is approximately the same as when administered intravenously. Once absorbed, the cytidine and choline disperse widely throughout the organism, cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the central nervous system (CNS), where they are incorporated into the phospholipid fraction of the membrane and microsomes. CDP-choline activates the biosynthesis of structural phospholipids in the neuronal membranes, increases cerebral metabolism and acts on the levels of various neurotransmitters. Thus, it has been experimentally proven that CDP-choline increases noradrenaline and dopamine levels in the CNS. Due to these pharmacological activities, CDP-choline has a neuroprotective effect in situations of hypoxia and ischemia, as well as improved learning and memory performance in animal models of brain aging. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that CDP-choline restores the activity of mitochondrial ATPase and of membranal Na+/K+ ATPase, inhibits the activation of phospholipase A2 and accelerates the reabsorption of cerebral edema in various experimental models. CDP-choline is a safe drug, as toxicological tests have shown; it has no serious effects on the cholinergic system and it is perfectly tolerated. These pharmacological characteristics, combined with CDP-choline's mechanisms of action, suggest that this drug may be suitable for the treatment of cerebral vascular disease, head trauma of varying severity and cognitive disorders of diverse etiology. In studies carried out on the treatment of patients with head trauma, CDP-choline accelerated the recovery from post-traumatic coma and the recuperation of walking ability, achieved a better final functional result and reduced the hospital stay of these patients, in addition to improving the cognitive and memory disturbances which are observed after a head trauma of lesser severity and which constitute the disorder known as postconcussion syndrome. In the treatment of patients with acute cerebral vascular disease of the ischemic type, CDP-choline accelerated the recovery of consciousness and motor deficit, attaining a better final result and facilitating the rehabilitation of these patients. The other important use for CDP-choline is in the treatment of senile cognitive impairment, which is secondary to degenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) and to chronic cerebral vascular disease. In patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, CDP-choline improves scores on cognitive evaluation scales, while in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, it slows the disease's evolution. Beneficial neuroendocrine, neuroimmunomodulatory and neurophysiological effects have been described. CDP-choline has also been shown to be effective as co-therapy for Parkinson's disease. No serious side effects have been found in any of the groups of patients treated with CDP-choline, which demonstrates the safety of the treatment. |
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