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| streptomycin |
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| CHEBI:17076 |
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| A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class |
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This entity has been manually annotated by the ChEBI Team.
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CHEBI:45745, CHEBI:9284, CHEBI:15119, CHEBI:26784
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| ChemicalBook:CB3462887, ZINC000008214681 |
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Molfile
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SDF
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more structures >>
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0 0 5 45 1 0 0 0 0 6 46 1 0 0 0 0 7 47 1 0 0 0 0 8 48 1 0 0 0 0 9 49 1 0 0 0 0 9 50 1 0 0 0 0 11 51 1 0 0 0 0 12 52 1 0 0 0 0 13 53 1 0 0 0 0 14 54 1 0 0 0 0 15 55 1 0 0 0 0 17 56 1 0 0 0 0 17 57 1 0 0 0 0 18 58 1 0 0 0 0 19 59 1 0 0 0 0 19 60 1 0 0 0 0 19 61 1 0 0 0 0 21 62 1 0 0 0 0 23 63 1 0 0 0 0 26 64 1 0 0 0 0 27 65 1 0 0 0 0 30 66 1 0 0 0 0 31 67 1 0 0 0 0 32 68 1 0 0 0 0 33 69 1 0 0 0 0 34 70 1 0 0 0 0 35 71 1 0 0 0 0 36 72 1 0 0 0 0 36 73 1 0 0 0 0 37 74 1 0 0 0 0 38 75 1 0 0 0 0 39 76 1 0 0 0 0 40 77 1 0 0 0 0 40 78 1 0 0 0 0 40 79 1 0 0 0 0 M END): 23 ms reading 79 atoms ModelSet: haveSymmetry:false haveUnitcells:false haveFractionalCoord:false 1 model in this collection. 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| Streptomycin is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, endocarditis, brucellosis, Burkholderia infection, plague, tularemia, and rat bite fever. For active tuberculosis it is often given together with isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. It is administered by injection into a vein or muscle.
Common side effects include vertigo, vomiting, numbness of the face, fever, and rash. Use during pregnancy may result in permanent deafness in the developing baby. Use appears to be safe while breastfeeding. It is not recommended in people with myasthenia gravis or other neuromuscular disorders. Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside. It works by blocking the ability of 30S ribosomal subunits to make proteins, which results in bacterial death.
Albert Schatz first isolated streptomycin in 1943 from Streptomyces griseus. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies it as critically important for human medicine.
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Read full article at Wikipedia
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InChI=1S/C21H39N7O12/c1- 5-21(36,4-30)16(40-17-9(26-2)13(34)10(31)6(3-29)38-17)18(37-5)39-15-8(28-20(24)25)11(32)7(27-19(22)23)12(33)14(15)35/h4-18,26,29,31-36H,3H2,1-2H3,(H4,22,23,27)(H4,24,25,28)/t5-,6-,7+,8-,9-,10-,11+,12-,13-,14+,15+,16-,17-,18-,21+/m0/s1 |
| UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N |
| CN[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@@H](O[C@@H](C)[C@]1(O)C=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](NC(N)=N)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1NC(N)=N |
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Streptomyces griseus
(NCBI:txid1911)
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See:
PubMed
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protein synthesis inhibitor
A compound, usually an anti-bacterial agent or a toxin, which inhibits the synthesis of a protein.
antibacterial drug
A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
bacterial metabolite
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
antimicrobial agent
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
(via carbohydrate-containing antibiotic )
antimicrobial drug
A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections.
antifungal agrochemical
Any substance used in acriculture, horticulture, forestry, etc. for its fungicidal properties.
antifungal drug
Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
(via antibiotic antifungal drug )
antifungal agent
An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
(via antibiotic antifungal agent )
fungicide
A substance used to destroy fungal pests.
(via antibiotic fungicide )
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antibacterial drug
A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
antimicrobial drug
A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections.
antifungal agrochemical
Any substance used in acriculture, horticulture, forestry, etc. for its fungicidal properties.
antifungal drug
Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
(via antibiotic antifungal drug )
fungicide
A substance used to destroy fungal pests.
(via antibiotic fungicide )
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
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N,N'''-[(1R,2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4-{5-deoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-α-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-C-formyl-α-L-lyxofuranosyloxy}-2,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,3-diyl]diguanidine
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2,4-Diguanidino-3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl 5-deoxy-2-O-(2-deoxy-2-methylamino-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl)-3-C-formyl-beta-L-lyxopentanofuranoside
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ChemIDplus
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[2-deoxy-2-(dimethylamino)-α-L-glucopyranosyl]-(1→2)-[5-deoxy-3-C-formyl-α-L-lyxofuranosyl]-(1→4)-{N',N'''-[(1,3,5/2,4,6)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxycyclohexane-1,3-diyl]diguanidine}
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IUPAC
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SM
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KEGG DRUG
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streomycin
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ChEBI
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STREPTOMYCIN
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PDBeChem
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2481
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DrugCentral
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C00413
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KEGG COMPOUND
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D08531
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KEGG DRUG
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DB01082
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DrugBank
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HMDB0015214
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HMDB
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SRY
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PDBeChem
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streptomycin
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Alan Wood's Pesticides
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Streptomycin
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Wikipedia
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STREPTOMYCIN
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MetaCyc
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| View more database links |
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57-92-1
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CAS Registry Number
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KEGG COMPOUND
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57-92-1
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CAS Registry Number
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ChemIDplus
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74498
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Reaxys Registry Number
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Reaxys
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Schneider J, Yepes A, Garcia-Betancur JC, Westedt I, Mielich B, López D (2012)
Streptomycin-induced expression in Bacillus subtilis of YtnP, a lactonase-homologous protein that inhibits development and streptomycin production in Streptomyces griseus.
Applied and environmental microbiology 78, 599-603 [PubMed:22101040]
[show Abstract]
Bacillus subtilis induces expression of the gene ytnP in the presence of the antimicrobial streptomycin, produced by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces griseus. ytnP encodes a lactonase-homologous protein that is able to inhibit the signaling pathway required for the streptomycin production and development of aerial mycelium in S. griseus. | Spies FS, Ribeiro AW, Ramos DF, Ribeiro MO, Martin A, Palomino JC, Rossetti ML, da Silva PE, Zaha A (2011)
Streptomycin resistance and lineage-specific polymorphisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gidB gene.
Journal of clinical microbiology 49, 2625-2630 [PubMed:21593257]
[show Abstract]
Mutations related to streptomycin resistance in the rpsL and rrs genes are well known and can explain about 70% of this phenotypic resistance. Recently, the gidB gene was found to be associated with low-level streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mutations in gidB have been reported with high frequency, and this gene appears to be very polymorphic, with frameshift and point mutations occurring in streptomycin-susceptible and streptomycin-resistant strains. In this study, mutations in gidB appeared in 27% of streptomycin-resistant strains that contained no mutations in the rpsL or rrs genes, and they were associated with low-level streptomycin resistance. However, the association of certain mutations in gidB with streptomycin resistance needs to be further investigated, as we also found mutations in gidB in streptomycin-susceptible strains. This occurred only when the strain was resistant to rifampin and isoniazid. Two specific mutations appeared very frequently in this and other studies of streptomycin-susceptible and -resistant strains; these mutations were not considered related to streptomycin resistance, but as a polymorphism. We stratified the strains according to the different phylogenetic lineages and showed that the gidB(16) polymorphism (16G allele) was exclusively present in the Latin American-Mediterranean (LAM) genotype, while the gidB(92) polymorphism (92C allele) was associated with the Beijing lineage in another population. In the sample studied, the two characterized single-nucleotide polymorphisms could distinguish LAM and Beijing lineages from the other lineages. | Young H, Swartwood CJ, Jenkins TC, Belknap R (2011)
A successful strategy for the use of synergistic intravenous streptomycin in a hemodialysis patient with refractory Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia.
Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 17, 698-699 [PubMed:21350946]
[show Abstract]
Streptomycin has been available for over 60 years, yet optimal dosing in hemodialysis (HD) patients is not well defined. We report the successful treatment of enterococcal bacteremia in an HD patient with intravenous (IV) penicillin G and IV streptomycin at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg after HD sessions. | Huang JQ, Lv QL, Wang HY (2011)
Spectroscopic study of the competitive interaction between streptomycin and Evans blue to bovine serum albumin.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 83, 28-33 [PubMed:21937264]
[show Abstract]
The mechanism of the competitive interaction of streptomycin and Evans blue (EB) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied by using both fluorimetry and spectrophtometry. Effects of pH, streptomycin and concentration of EB on the competitive interaction of streptomycin and EB were examined. A static fluorescence quenching process was confirmed in the light of Stern-Volmer plot. The test result showed that there were strong and weak binding sites on BSA molecule and the binding constant of EB-BSA complex and the number of binding site n were obtained. These facts revealed that the competitive interaction was occurred between EB and streptomycin, which can possibly provide useful message in investigation of the interaction of antibiotic with BSA. | Li YP, Shi Q, Xing X, Wang DK, Zhuang Y, Li D (2011)
[Influence of penicillin and streptomycin on gene expression of extracellular secretion from human umbilical cord tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro].
Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi 19, 163-168 [PubMed:21362244]
[show Abstract]
The study was aimed to investigate the influence of penicillin and streptomycin on proliferation, apoptosis and extracellular secretion (ECS) produced from human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). MSC were isolated from umbilical cord tissue, then the immunotyping, multipotent differentiation and proliferation of these cells were assayed by cytometry, cytochemistry and MTT respectively. The expressions of ECS and apoptosis-related genes (bcl-2, bax) were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that the phenotype of these cells matched with the characteristics of MSC. Penicillin and streptomycin of low concentrations promoted MSC proliferation, with the most effective concentration of 100 U/ml. Expressions of ECS cultured in addition of penicillin and streptomycin were down-regulated. Furthermore, apoptosis-related factor (bcl-2/bax) expression levels in low concentrations penicillin and streptomycin groups were higher than that in the control group. It is concluded that low concentrations penicillin and streptomycin can promote the proliferation and reduce the apoptotic rate, but high dose can inhibit the ECS component expression of MSC. | Philippine Nationwide Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Survey Team (2009)
Nationwide drug resistance survey of tuberculosis in the Philippines.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 13, 500-507 [PubMed:19335957]
[show Abstract]
SettingThe Philippines, one of the high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the first nationwide systematic survey.DesignA population-proportionate cluster sampling method was employed. Smear-positive pulmonary TB patients aged > or = 15 years were eligible. Drug susceptibility testing was performed against four first-line drugs, i.e., isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin.ResultsA total of 1091 patients were enrolled during a 17-month period starting in June 2003, of whom 935 (85.7%) were new cases and 121 (11.1%) previously treated cases. Resistance to any of the four drugs was seen in 20.4% (95%CI 18.1-22.9) of new cases, in 38.8% (95%CI 27.8-51.1) of previously treated cases and in 22.1% (19.7-24.9) of both new and previously treated cases combined. The prevalence of multidrug resistance was respectively 3.8% (95%CI 2.6-5.5), 20.9% (95%CI 13.0-32.0) and 5.7% (95%CI 4.3-7.5). The prevalence of drug resistance among new cases was higher than the global average and it was widespread throughout the country.ConclusionConfronted with the high prevalence of drug resistance, current efforts by the government to ensure better quality treatment programme should be strengthened. | Chandra Gupta TS, Rayudu T, Murthy SV (2008)
Donovanosis with auto-amputation of penis in a HIV-2 infected person.
Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 74, 490-492 [PubMed:19052412]
[show Abstract]
Donovanosis is a slowly progressive, granulomatous ulcerative disease , caused by Klebsiella (Calymmatobacterium) granulomatis. The disease is known to persist for years together, leading to complications. A male patient aged 30 years with underlying HIV-2 infection presented to the department of STD with painful ulceration over the genital region of 5 months duration, with absence of penis. Tissue smear from the ulcer and histopathological examination revealed large histiocytes with intracellular Donovan bodies (Pund cell). A final diagnosis of donovanosis with auto-amputation of penis with HIV-2 infection was made. The old conventional medicines, viz. streptomycin, doxycycline and amoxycillin, were effective. Though HIV-2 infections are milder than HIV-1 infections in all aspects, donovanosis in this HIV-2 infected case presented with complications. However, since the CD4 count was 748 cells/cmm, the severity is attributed to the long standing nature and negligence by the patient, and not to possible immunodeficiency. | Zetterström R (2007)
Selman A. Waksman (1888-1973) Nobel Prize in 1952 for the discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 96, 317-319 [PubMed:17429930] | Gürcan S (2007)
[Francisella tularensis and tularemia in Turkey].
Mikrobiyoloji bulteni 41, 621-636 [PubMed:18173084]
[show Abstract]
Francisella tularensis is a small gram-negative aerobic bacillus which was named after Edward Francis and the location (Tulare County, California) where the organism was discovered. F. tularensis includes four [corrected] subspecies known as tularensis (type A biovar), holarctica (type B biovar) and mediasiatica and novicida [corrected] Tularemia (rabbit fever) is a rare and primarily rural disease which may be transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, or by direct skin contact with rabbits, other rodents and by blood-sucking arthropods. Infection occurs in different forms, such as typhoidal, pneumonic, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, ulceroglandular, and glandular. The incubation period is about 3-5 days, but may vary between 1 to 21 days, and symptoms vary based on the mode of infection. Infections by F. tularensis subsp. tularensis are generally presented as ulceroglandular form and cause more severe diseases leading 5-60% mortality in untreated patients. F. tularensis subsp. holarctica which is a less virulent organism, mainly cause oropharyngeal form of infection especially in Europe countries as well as in Turkey. Since F. tularensis is extremely virulent organism and is difficult to culture on standard media, laboratory diagnosis is mainly based on the serological assays such as microagglutination or ELISA tests. Streptomycin or gentamycin (for 10-14 days) are the first choise antibiotics for the treatment. Tularemia becomes a reemerging zoonosis in Turkey. The first published tularemia epidemic in Turkey had been reported in 1936 from Thrace region (Luleburgaz town), and the second was in 1945 again in the same location. In recent years, tularemia outbreaks were reported from various regions of Turkey. The reliable data were obtained after 2005 because of the inclusion of this infection into Group C of notification system of communicable diseases by Turkish Ministry of Health. A total of 431 confirmed cases were reported from various provinces according to data of the year 2005. In this review, general characteristics of F. tularensis and its infections have been discussed emphasizing the data related with tularemia in Turkey. | Okamoto S, Tamaru A, Nakajima C, Nishimura K, Tanaka Y, Tokuyama S, Suzuki Y, Ochi K (2007)
Loss of a conserved 7-methylguanosine modification in 16S rRNA confers low-level streptomycin resistance in bacteria.
Molecular microbiology 63, 1096-1106 [PubMed:17238915]
[show Abstract]
Streptomycin has been an important drug for the treatment of tuberculosis since its discovery in 1944. But numerous strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterial pathogen that causes tuberculosis, are now streptomycin resistant. Although such resistance is often mediated by mutations within rrs, a 16S rRNA gene or rpsL, which encodes the ribosomal protein S12, these mutations are found in a limited proportion of clinically isolated streptomycin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Here we have succeeded in identifying a mutation that confers low-level streptomycin resistance to bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. We found that mutations within the gene gidB confer low-level streptomycin resistance and are an important cause of resistance found in 33% of resistant M. tuberculosis isolates. We further clarified that the gidB gene encodes a conserved 7-methylguanosine (m(7)G) methyltransferase specific for the 16S rRNA, apparently at position G527 located in the so-called 530 loop. Thus, we have identified gidB as a new streptomycin-resistance locus and uncovered a resistance mechanism that is mediated by loss of a conserved m(7)G modification in 16S rRNA. The clinical significance of M. tuberculosis gidB mutation also is noteworthy, as gidB mutations emerge spontaneously at a high frequency of 10(-6) and, once emerged, result in vigorous emergence of high-level streptomycin-resistant mutants at a frequency more than 2000 times greater than that seen in wild-type strains. Further studies on the precise function of GidB may provide a basis for developing strategies to suppress pathogenic bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. | Wiuff C, Andersson DI (2007)
Antibiotic treatment in vitro of phenotypically tolerant bacterial populations.
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 59, 254-263 [PubMed:17105735]
[show Abstract]
ObjectivesMost pharmacodynamic models used for design of treatment regimens are based on time-kill data obtained with normal cells in the susceptible state without taking into account the killing kinetics of the antibiotic-tolerant cells in the population. We compared the microbiological efficacy of six antibiotics against tolerant cells and by mathematical modelling explored the potential clinical implications of tolerance.MethodsTolerant cells were obtained by filtration of bacterial cultures of Escherichia coli MG1655 after antibiotic exposure. Killing kinetics of the tolerant cells was compared with that of exponentially growing naive cells. To examine the nutrient dependency of the reversion from the tolerant state to the susceptible state, tolerant cells were re-suspended in Luria-Bertani and PBS and re-exposed to antibiotics. A mathematical model was used to explore the clinical implications of antibiotic tolerance.ResultsStreptomycin was the most efficient drug against tolerant cells. Ciprofloxacin and ampicillin had intermediate activity against tolerant cells while rifampicin, tetracycline and erythromycin had poor activity against tolerant cells. No correlation could be established between the microbiological efficacies against susceptible and tolerant cells. Reversion from tolerance to susceptibility was dependent on the presence of nutrients and growth. Computer simulations demonstrated that the efficacy of antibiotics against tolerant cell populations has a large influence on treatment outcome.ConclusionsThe in vitro killing kinetics of tolerant cells is antibiotic-dependent and different from that of cells in the susceptible state. This difference in efficacy could have an influence on treatment outcome and tolerance should therefore be studied further in vivo. | Nagel R, Chan A (2006)
Mistranslation and genetic variability: the effect of streptomycin.
Mutation research 601, 162-170 [PubMed:16904706]
[show Abstract]
Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that acts at the level of protein synthesis. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of this antibiotic increased significantly the number of Arg+ mutants derived from an Escherichia coli argE3 (ochre) rpsL31 (streptomycin-resistant) strain. The vast majority of these mutants appeared on selective minimal medium plates with streptomycin (200 micro g/ml) during stationary phase, after 6-10 days incubation at 37 degrees C. Derivative mutD5 or mutL or mutS mutants, carrying a faulty epsilon subunit of DNA polymerase or a defective mismatch DNA-repair protein, respectively, also showed higher numbers of Arg+ mutants on selective medium with streptomycin than on medium without streptomycin. Interestingly, with these DNA-repair mutants about 50% of the Arg+ mutants generated in the presence of streptomycin appeared during the first 5 days of incubation. These observations suggest that the activities of these fidelity-repair proteins prevent in the parental strain the early appearance of the supernumerary Arg+ mutants on the selective medium with streptomycin. The appearance of Arg+ mutants on the plates with streptomycin was not significantly altered by recA, rpoS or dps mutations. A high percentage of the Arg+ mutants arising in the presence of streptomycin were streptomycin-dependent for growth without arginine (Arg+ St-D). These types of mutants displayed a Ram (for ribosomal ambiguity) phenotype, manifested by increased misreading, assayed by in vitro and in vivo experiments and by leakiness on several selective minimal media. Genetic data indicated that these mutants carry a mutation located at about 74 min of the E.coli map that relieves the high translational fidelity conferred by the rpsL mutation. These studies suggest that the growth-limiting conditions of the assay system used, as well as the presence of streptomycin, which causes an increased production of altered proteins, favours the appearance and growth of compensatory Arg+ mutants. | Qiu J, Zhou D, Han Y, Zhang L, Tong Z, Song Y, Dai E, Li B, Wang J, Guo Z, Zhai J, Du Z, Wang X, Yang R (2005)
Global gene expression profile of Yersinia pestis induced by streptomycin.
FEMS microbiology letters 243, 489-496 [PubMed:15686853]
[show Abstract]
Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is one of the most dangerous diseases that impressed a horror onto human consciousness that persists to this day. Cases of plague can be normally controlled by timely antibiotic administration. Streptomycin is the first-line antibiotic for plague treatment. In this study, a DNA microarray was used to investigate the changes in the gene expression profile of Y. pestis upon exposure to streptomycin. A total of 345 genes were identified to be differentially regulated, 144 of which were up-regulated, and 201 down-regulated. Streptomycin-induced transcriptional changes occurred in genes responsible for heat shock response, drug/analogue sensitivity, biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, chemotaxis and mobility and broad regulatory functions. A wide set of genes involved in energy metabolism, biosynthesis of small macromolecules, synthesis and modification of macromolecules and degradation of small and macro molecules were among those down-regulated. The results reveal general changes in gene expression that are consistent with known mechanisms of action of streptomycin and many new genes that are likely to play important roles in the response to streptomycin treatment, providing useful candidates for investigating the specific mechanisms of streptomycin action. | Granados O, Meza G (2005)
Streptidine, a metabolic derivative produced after administration of streptomycin in vivo, is vestibulotoxic in rats.
Histology and histopathology 20, 357-364 [PubMed:15736038]
[show Abstract]
Streptomycin is the treatment of choice in developing countries for patients suffering from tuberculosis or other infectious diseases. However, it produces incapacitating vestibular symptoms whose onset is delayed and gradual. This observation led to the notion that a streptomycin metabolic derivative and not the antibiotic itself is the damaging agent for the inner ear. To study further the existence of this ototoxic metabolite, chronic treatment with streptomycin or its putative derivative streptidine was carried out in young male Long Evans rats. The presence of streptomycin or streptidine in the blood of animals of either experimental group was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography and analysis of swimming behavior was used to evaluate vestibular damage. Features of the sensory epithelium and quantification of hair cells were attained in sections of the utricular organ of all groups by light microscopy. After 25, 35 and 45 days of treatment with streptomycin, a metabolite with the same chromatographic properties as the streptidine standard run in parallel was identified in the blood of rats. Concentrations of the metabolite were 2.26 microg/ml on the 25th day and around 8.0 microg/ml in both the 35th and the 45th day of treatment, while streptomycin was below its detection level at either period. In streptidine-treated rats, the concentration of this compound was 1.0, 1.84 and 4.94 microg/ml on the 25th, 35th and 45th treatment days, respectively. Treatment with either streptomycin or streptidine resulted in similar abnormal swimming patterns and histological alterations of the utricular epithelium. Loss of hair cells was roughly equivalent even though streptidine was administered in a dose 90% lower than streptomycin. The gradual appearance of streptidine as a metabolic derivative of the antibiotic in the blood of rats or the administration of this compound alone, causing similar functional and structural vestibular deterioration seen in streptomycin-treated animals, supports the notion that streptidine is a potential contributor to ototoxicity after prolonged antibiotic administration. | Alcalá Minagorre PJ, Fernández Bernal A, Sánchez Bautista A, Loeda Ozores C (2004)
[Francisella tularensis infection transmitted by prairie dog].
Anales de pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003) 60, 583-584 [PubMed:15207172]
[show Abstract]
Tularemia is a zoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis; it mainly affects wild animals and only occasionally affects human beings. Uncontrolled trade involving "exotic" animals could become a new route of acquisition. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy who contracted the disease through a bite from a prairie dog. Outbreaks of tularemia have recently been described in some of these animals captured in Texas (USA) and subsequently sold to other countries. Infection due to Yersinia pestis has also been described in humans through contact with prairie dogs with the disease. Streptomycin and gentamicin are currently the drugs of choice against tularemia infection. | Babalola CP, Patel KB, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP (2004)
Synergistic activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin alone and in combination with streptomycin against Enterococcus faecalis strains with various vancomycin susceptibilities.
International journal of antimicrobial agents 23, 343-348 [PubMed:15081082]
[show Abstract]
The synergy between two glycopeptides, vancomycin (Vm) and teicoplanin (Tec) and streptomycin (Sm) was studied by time-kill method. Five clinical vanB resistant Enterococcus faecalis (ENC) isolates with variable Vm-susceptibility were used. Different concentrations of Vm, Tec and Sm representing therapeutic concentrations were combined. Antibacterial activity was related to the concentrations of Vm and Sm, and Vm susceptibility to ENC. For strains with Vm MIC up to 64 mg/l, synergy was achieved with higher concentrations of Vm and Sm, while all combinations of Tec and Sm were synergistic against all strains except ENC 29. For ENC 29 with Vm MIC of 512 mg/l and Tec MIC of <1 mg/l, none of the combinations was synergistic. The significance of these in vitro results needs further investigation in vivo. | Kassa-Kelembho E, Bobossi-Serengbe G, Takeng EC, Nambea-Koisse TB, Yapou F, Talarmin A (2004)
Surveillance of drug-resistant childhood tuberculosis in Bangui, Central African Republic.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 8, 574-578 [PubMed:15137533]
[show Abstract]
SettingBangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, where overall drug resistance and multidrug resistance among adult new tuberculosis (TB) cases were respectively 16.4% and 1.1% in 1998.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of drug resistance among children with tuberculosis and to compare the epidemiological and clinical features of TB in children with drug-resistant and drug-susceptible TB.MethodsAll strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis obtained from children aged 0-15 years at Bangui Paediatric Hospital were prospectively collected from April 1998 to June 2000, and susceptibility testing was performed for each specimen. The children's epidemiological and clinical data were recorded.ResultsSusceptibility results were available for 165/190 children with M. tuberculosis. Overall drug resistance and multidrug resistance were 15.2% and 0.6%, respectively. Isoniazid and streptomycin were the only drugs associated with TB monoresistance. No significant difference was found in the epidemiological or clinical data of children infected with a resistant strain and those infected with a susceptible strain.ConclusionThe prevalence of drug resistance in childhood is similar to that observed in adult new TB cases in the same period. Surveillance will continue to be performed in Bangui periodically to assess the trend of true drug resistance among new TB cases. | Shen MR, Chou CY, Chiu WT (2003)
Streptomycin and its analogues are potent inhibitors of the hypotonicity-induced Ca2+ entry and Cl- channel activity.
FEBS letters 554, 494-500 [PubMed:14623118]
[show Abstract]
Streptomycin is a common antibiotic used in culture media. It is also a known blocker of stretch-activated and mechanosensitive ion channels in neurons and cardiac myocytes. But very little information is available on its effect in the regulation of epithelial ion channels. Osmotic swelling is a kind of mechanical stretch. The opening of stretch-activated Ca(2+) channels contributes to hypotonicity-induced Ca(2+) influx which is necessary for the activation of volume-regulated Cl(-) channels in human cervical cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of streptomycin in cell volume regulation. Treatment of cervical cancer SiHa cells with streptomycin and its analogues (gentamicin and netilmicin) did not affect the basal cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) level. But it attenuated the hypotonicity-stimulated increase of [Ca(2+)](i) in a dose-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of 25, 90 and 200 microM for streptomycin, gentamicin and netilmicin, respectively, when measured at room temperature. In contrast, under free extracellular Ca(2+) condition, hypotonic stress only induced a small, progressive increase of [Ca(2+)](i), while 500 microM streptomycin did not affect this Ca(2+) signaling. Streptomycin and its analogues (gentamicin and netilmicin) also inhibited the activation of volume-regulated Cl(-) channels in a dose-dependent manner with IC(50) of 30, 95 and 250 microM at room temperature, respectively. Chronic culture with 50 microM streptomycin downregulates the activity of volume-regulated Cl(-) channels and retards the process of regulatory volume decrease in SiHa cells and MDCK cells. We suggest that using cells chronically cultured with streptomycin to study epithelial ion channels risks studying cellular and molecular pathology rather than physiology. | Higa M, Saitoh H, Yamane N, Nakasone I, Miyagi C (2002)
[Interpretive compatibility of antimycobacterial susceptibility for Mycobacterium tuberculosis determined by proportion test method on egg-based Ogawa media and broth microdilution test, BrothMIC MTB].
Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis] 77, 61-66 [PubMed:11905029]
[show Abstract]
The antimycobacterial susceptibility test method newly proposed by the Japanese Society for Tuberculosis, a proportion method on egg-based Ogawa media, was evaluated in comparison with microdilution test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, BrothMIC MTB-1 (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Inc., Tokyo). In the evaluation, five antimicrobial agents, streptomycin, ethambutol, kanamycin, isoniazid and rifampicin were included. Through repeated testings of the three reference strains against five antimicrobial agents, both test methods were found to be highly precise. All the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined by BrothMIC MTB fell within 3 log2 dilutions, however a total of 11 MICs resulted in indeterminate(I) interpretations. Whereas, all the test results by a proportion method on Ogawa media were comparable to the expected interpretations. However, three of 48 testings resulted in undeterminable interpretations due to insufficient growth on the growth control media. A total of 127 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis complex were tested by both methods, and 89 to 90% of the test results were comparable with each other in category interpretations. However, 7.1 to 9.4% of MICs determined by BrothMIC MTB resulted in indeterminate(I), and 0.8 to 3.1% of discrepant interpretations were observed. In conclusion, both test methods were highly precise and comparable in determining antimycobacterial susceptibility for M. tuberculosis complex. Several advantages and disadvantages in each test method were discussed. | Ruiz P, Rodríguez-Cano F, Zerolo FJ, Casal M (2002)
Investigation of the in vitro activity of streptomycin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.) 8, 147-149 [PubMed:12118520]
[show Abstract]
Streptomycin was the first antibiotic used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was used for years in monotherapy regimens, leading to the emergence of resistance; therefore, its use gradually waned. Given the resistance rates detected with current antituberculosis drugs, the use of streptomycin has gained renewed interest. The mechanism of action of streptomycin is inhibition of protein synthesis of mycobacteria in the ribosome. Resistance emerges when mutations appear in genes encoding 16S rRNA and protein S12. The activity of streptomycin against 1,496 M. tuberculosis strains was investigated; 1,186 and 196 strains corresponded to pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens, respectively. For 114 strains, the source was not indicated. Initially, the BACTEC 460 TB system was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Since 1996, the ESP II system was used. The strains ATCC27294 (sensitive to streptomycin, rifampin, ethambutol, and isoniazid) and ATCC35820 (resistant to streptomycin) were used as controls. An overall resistance rate of 2.2% was obtained. In all cases secondary resistance was observed. Multiresistance was observed in 23 strains. | Thompson S, Omphroy L, Oetting T (2001)
Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome attributable to an encounter with a wild rabbit.
American journal of ophthalmology 131, 283-284 [PubMed:11228320]
[show Abstract]
PurposeTo describe the clinical and histopathologic findings in a patient with Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome attributable to Francisella tularensis obtained from an encounter with a wild baby rabbit.MethodsIn an 18-year-old man, the clinical course, laboratory findings, and histopathologic findings are described.ResultsParinaud's oculoglandular syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with unilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis, painful preauricular, and submandibular lymphadenopathy combined with systemic symptoms of general malaise and fever.ConclusionTularemia is one etiology of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is usually transmitted to humans via infected animal blood or through an insect bite, most often a tick. For treatment, intramuscular streptomycin is the drug of choice. | SPRADBROW PB (1963)
Chemotherapy of experimental leptospiral infection in mice.
British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy 20, 237-244 [PubMed:13990247]
[show Abstract]
A strain of Leptospira zanoni was used to produce chronic renal infections in young white mice. A variant of this strain produced an acute disease with over 50% mortality. The responses of both forms of disease to chemotherapy were studied. When treatment of the acute disease was initiated before jaundice occurred, suitable single doses of streptomycin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline and oxytetracycline (in oil) prevented death and chronic renal infection in a high percentage of mice. Bicillin, a long-acting penicillin preparation, was more effective than other penicillins, but it prevented the development of chronic renal infection in only half the treated mice. Streptomycin was the only antibiotic of which a single administration regularly cured the chronic renal infections: chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline (in oil) were partially effective. Oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, Bicillin, fortified penicillin, procaine penicillin and potassium penicillin had no permanent action. The suitability of mice as laboratory animals in the study of experimental leptospirosis and the need for complete cure of carriers of chronic renal infection are emphasized. The above findings indicate that streptomycin is the drug of choice for the treatment of leptospirosis in animals, and that it is worthy of further trial in man. | TODOROFF T, FRANZOSI P (1962)
[Pyrazinamide in association with streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid in the therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis].
Minerva medica 53, 2667-2673 [PubMed:13985260] | CATTANEO C, IPATA PL (1960)
[The action of streptomycin, kanamycin and isoniazid on the breakdown of ATP in mycobacteria].
Annali dell'Istituto "Carlo Forlanini" 20, 315-324 [PubMed:13691614] | BARTMANN K, VILLNOW J, SCHWARZ C (1958)
[Animal experimental studies on an intermittent chemotherapy and prevention of tuberculosis. VII. Success of continuous and intermittent doses of isoniazid and the triple combination isoniazid, streptomycin, PAS in a therapeutic test in guinea pigs].
Beitrage zur Klinik der Tuberkulose und spezifischen Tuberkulose-Forschung 118, 297-313 [PubMed:13596285] | CAPON AW (1954)
Streptomycin and PAS vs. streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Canadian Medical Association journal 70, 62-67 [PubMed:13116094] | VICHER EE, SOSKA JW, JACKSON GG (1953)
Microbiologic flora of chronic cutaneous ulcers; in vitro sensitivity of microbiologic flora to three antibiotics, penicillin, streptomycin, and bacitracin.
A.M.A. archives of surgery 66, 283-291 [PubMed:13030054] | NAGAO I (1953)
Three basic antibiotics, streptomycin, roseomycin and No. 259 in experimental typhoid infection.
The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 58, 169-173 [PubMed:13136149] | WALTHER G, WINTER KA (1952)
[The effect of streptomycin, PAS and TB6 on blood coagulation and its different phases; experimental study].
Klinische Wochenschrift 30, 25-28 [PubMed:14939639] | ILLERA PAISAN C (1951)
[What can be expected of streptomycin, PAS and TB 1 in the treatment of tuberculosis].
Medicamenta 9, 251-253 [PubMed:14852338] | GRUMBACH A (1950)
[Mode of action of the antibiotics; penicillin and streptomycin].
Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Pathologie und Bakteriologie. Revue suisse de pathologie et de bacteriologie 13, 586-593 [PubMed:14828344] | MATHUR YS (1947)
Streptomycin, an antibiotic.
Clinical Society journal 11, 61-67 [PubMed:18916143] |
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