Retinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyene chromophore. Retinal, bound to proteins called opsins, is the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the light-detection stage of visual perception (vision).
Some microorganisms use retinal to convert light into metabolic energy. One study suggests that approximately three billion years ago, most living organisms on Earth used retinal, rather than chlorophyll, to convert sunlight into energy. Because retinal absorbs mostly green light and transmits purple light, this gave rise to the Purple Earth hypothesis.
Retinal itself is considered to be a form of vitamin A when eaten by an animal. There are many forms of vitamin A, all of which are converted to retinal, which cannot be made without them. The number of different molecules that can be converted to retinal varies from species to species. Retinal was originally called retinene, and was renamed after it was discovered to be vitamin A aldehyde.
Vertebrate animals ingest retinal directly from meat, or they produce retinal from carotenoids – either from α-carotene or β-carotene – both of which are carotenes. They also produce it from β-cryptoxanthin, a type of xanthophyll. These carotenoids must be obtained from plants or other photosynthetic organisms. No other carotenoids can be converted by animals to retinal. Some carnivores cannot convert any carotenoids at all. The other main forms of vitamin A – retinol and a partially active form, retinoic acid – may both be produced from retinal.
Invertebrates such as insects and squid use hydroxylated forms of retinal in their visual systems, which derive from conversion from other xanthophylls. |
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InChI=1S/C27H46O/c1- 18(2) 7- 6- 8- 19(3) 23- 11- 12- 24- 22- 10- 9- 20- 17- 21(28) 13- 15- 26(20,4) 25(22) 14- 16- 27(23,24) 5/h9,18- 19,21- 25,28H,6- 8,10- 17H2,1- 5H3/t19- ,21+,22+,23- ,24+,25+,26+,27- /m1/s1 |
HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N |
C1[C@@]2([C@]3(CC[C@]4([C@]([C@@]3(CC=C2C[C@H](C1)O)[H])(CC[C@@]4([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[H])[H])C)[H])C |
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Mus musculus
(NCBI:txid10090)
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See:
PubMed
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Mus musculus
(NCBI:txid10090)
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Source: BioModels - MODEL1507180067
See:
PubMed
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Daphnia galeata
(NCBI:txid27404)
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See:
PubMed
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
(NCBI:txid3055)
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See:
PubMed
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Homo sapiens
(NCBI:txid9606)
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See:
DOI
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human metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
algal metabolite
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
mouse metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
Daphnia galeata metabolite
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia galeata.
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
Outgoing
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cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
has role
Daphnia galeata metabolite
(CHEBI:83038)
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
has role
algal metabolite
(CHEBI:84735)
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
has role
human metabolite
(CHEBI:77746)
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
has role
mouse metabolite
(CHEBI:75771)
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
is a
3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid
(CHEBI:1722)
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
is a
3β-sterol
(CHEBI:35348)
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
is a
C27-steroid
(CHEBI:131619)
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
is a
cholestanoid
(CHEBI:50401)
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Incoming
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(16S,22S)-dihydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:191938)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(20R)-17α,20-dihydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:783)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(20S)-17α,20-dihydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:182953)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:67237)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(22S)-22-hydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:1301)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(24S,25)-dihydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:86074)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(24S,26)-dihydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:86075)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(25R)-3β,26-dihydroxycholest-5-en-7-one
(CHEBI:87653)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(25R)-3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-7-one-26-al
(CHEBI:87677)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(25R)-3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-7-one-26-oic acid
(CHEBI:87783)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
(25R)-cholest-5-ene-3β,26-diol
(CHEBI:76591)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
24-hydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:50515)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
24-methylenecholesterol
(CHEBI:19812)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
25-hydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:42977)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
26-hydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:17703)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-al
(CHEBI:84145)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid
(CHEBI:81014)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
4β-hydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:85778)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
7α,24-dihydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:50517)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:37623)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
7α,26-dihydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:18431)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
7α-hydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:17500)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
7β-hydroxycholesterol
(CHEBI:42989)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
7-aminocholesterol
(CHEBI:77845)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
7-ketocholesterol
(CHEBI:64294)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
cholesterol sulfate
(CHEBI:41321)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
cholesteryl β-D-glucoside
(CHEBI:17495)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
cholesteryl ester
(CHEBI:17002)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
cholesteryl glycoside
(CHEBI:61656)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
cholesteryl hemisuccinate
(CHEBI:138742)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
Glycino 3β-cholesterol ester group
(CHEBI:143135)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
oxysterol
(CHEBI:53030)
has functional parent
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
cholesteryl β-D-galactoside
(CHEBI:189066)
has part
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
cholesteryl β-D-xyloside
(CHEBI:189067)
has part
cholesterol
(CHEBI:16113)
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(3β,14β,17α)-cholest-5-en-3-ol
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IUPAC
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Cholest-5-en-3beta-ol
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KEGG COMPOUND
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Cholesterin
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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Cholesterol
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KEGG COMPOUND
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CHOLESTEROL
|
PDBeChem
|
cholesterol
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UniProt
|
2060565
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Reaxys Registry Number
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Reaxys
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550297
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Gmelin Registry Number
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Gmelin
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57-88-5
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CAS Registry Number
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KEGG COMPOUND
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57-88-5
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CAS Registry Number
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ChemIDplus
|
57-88-5
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CAS Registry Number
|
NIST Chemistry WebBook
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10901445
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PubMed citation
|
Europe PMC
|
11412894
|
PubMed citation
|
Europe PMC
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16341241
|
PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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24287311
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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25308664
|
PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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25451949
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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25522988
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PubMed citation
|
Europe PMC
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25658343
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PubMed citation
|
Europe PMC
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25977713
|
PubMed citation
|
Europe PMC
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4696527
|
PubMed citation
|
Europe PMC
|
8838010
|
PubMed citation
|
Europe PMC
|
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