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HMGB2 high mobility group box 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 3148, updated on 11-Apr-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
HMGB2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
high mobility group box 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:5000
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000164104 MIM:163906; AllianceGenome:HGNC:5000
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
HMG2
Summary
This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein family. The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression
Biased expression in bone marrow (RPKM 603.0), lymph node (RPKM 141.8) and 10 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
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Genomic context

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Location:
4q34.1
Exon count:
5
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 4 NC_000004.12 (173331376..173334358, complement)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 4 NC_060928.1 (176670801..176673783, complement)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 4 NC_000004.11 (174252527..174255509, complement)

Chromosome 4 - NC_000004.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene GALNT7 divergent transcript Neighboring gene RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 253, pseudogene Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 22154 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 22155 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15803 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15804 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15805 Neighboring gene polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr4:174147305-174147821 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr4:174147822-174148337 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15806 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15807 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 22156 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124900812 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr4:174196465-174196667 Neighboring gene microRNA 548t Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr4:174227831-174228613 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr4:174228614-174229395 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15808 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15809 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr4:174255709-174256444 Neighboring gene SAP30 divergent transcript Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 22157 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 22158 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15812 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr4:174292649-174293212 Neighboring gene Sin3A associated protein 30

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Structure and Functions of HMGB2 Protein. Starkova T, et al. Int J Mol Sci, 2023 May 5. PMID 37176041, Free PMC Article
  2. High-mobility group box 2 reflects exacerbated disease characteristics and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lou N, et al. Ir J Med Sci, 2022 Feb. PMID 33635447
  3. Knockdown of HMGB2 inhibits proliferation and invasion of renal tumor cells via the p-38MAPK pathway. He ZH, et al. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2020 May. PMID 32432736
  4. HMGB2 is a negative regulator of telomerase activity in human embryonic stem and progenitor cells. Kučírek M, et al. FASEB J, 2019 Dec 1. PMID 31661640
  5. High-mobility group box 2 promoted proliferation of cervical cancer cells by activating AKT signaling pathway. Zhang P, et al. J Cell Biochem, 2019 Oct. PMID 31209930

See all (161) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. The Effect of HMGB1 and HMGB2 on Transcriptional Regulation Differs in Neuroendocrine and Adenocarcinoma Models of Prostate Cancer.
    Title: The Effect of HMGB1 and HMGB2 on Transcriptional Regulation Differs in Neuroendocrine and Adenocarcinoma Models of Prostate Cancer.
  2. Correlation of serum HMGB1 and HMGB2 levels with clinical symptoms in allergic rhinitis children.
    Title: Correlation of serum HMGB1 and HMGB2 levels with clinical symptoms in allergic rhinitis children.
  3. Clinical and Experimental Study of High Mobility Group Box-2 and Valvular Calcification in Elderly Patients with Degenerative Heart Valve Disease.
    Title: Clinical and Experimental Study of High Mobility Group Box-2 and Valvular Calcification in Elderly Patients with Degenerative Heart Valve Disease.
  4. Structure and Functions of HMGB2 Protein.
    Title: Structure and Functions of HMGB2 Protein.
  5. Circular RNA SLTM as a miR-421-competing endogenous RNA to mediate HMGB2 expression stimulates apoptosis and inflammation in arthritic chondrocytes.
    Title: Circular RNA SLTM as a miR-421-competing endogenous RNA to mediate HMGB2 expression stimulates apoptosis and inflammation in arthritic chondrocytes.
  6. Long non-coding RNA NR2F2-AS1 regulates human osteosarcoma growth and metastasis through miR-425-5p-mediated HMGB2.
    Title: Long non-coding RNA NR2F2-AS1 regulates human osteosarcoma growth and metastasis through miR-425-5p-mediated HMGB2.
  7. [microRNA let-7g-3p regulates proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by targeting HMGB2].
    Title: [microRNA let-7g-3p regulates proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by targeting HMGB2].
  8. MALAT1 regulates hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes by modulating the miR-181a/HMGB2 pathway.
    Title: MALAT1 regulates hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes by modulating the miR-181a/HMGB2 pathway.
  9. Circular RNA circ_UBAP2 facilitates the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating microRNA miR-637/high-mobility group box (HMGB) 2 axis.
    Title: Circular RNA circ_UBAP2 facilitates the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating microRNA miR-637/high-mobility group box (HMGB) 2 axis.
  10. LINC00184 plays an oncogenic role in non-small cell lung cancer via regulation of the miR-524-5p/HMGB2 axis.
    Title: LINC00184 plays an oncogenic role in non-small cell lung cancer via regulation of the miR-524-5p/HMGB2 axis.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (58)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables DNA binding IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
enables DNA binding, bending IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables DNA binding, bending IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables DNA-binding transcription factor binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables RAGE receptor binding IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables RNA binding HDA PubMed 
enables chemoattractant activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables damaged DNA binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables double-stranded DNA binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables four-way junction DNA binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein domain specific binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables single-stranded DNA binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables supercoiled DNA binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables transcription coactivator activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables transcription factor binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in DNA geometric change ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in DNA topological change ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in V(D)J recombination ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in cell chemotaxis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in chromatin organization NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in innate immune response IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in male gonad development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of gene expression IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in nucleosome assembly NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive chemotaxis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of innate immune response IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of interferon-beta production IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of neurogenesis ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of stem cell proliferation ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to lipopolysaccharide ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in response to steroid hormone IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in spermatid nucleus differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
part_of chromatin ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in condensed chromosome IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular space IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in nucleolus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in nucleoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in nucleoplasm TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in nucleus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
part_of protein-containing complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
high mobility group protein B2
Names
HMG-2
high mobility group protein 2
high-mobility group (nonhistone chromosomal) protein 2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001130688.1 → NP_001124160.1  high mobility group protein B2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001124160.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AA576809, AK311864, BM727941
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS3816.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B2R4K8, D3DP37, P26583, Q5U072
    Related
    ENSP00000393448.2, ENST00000446922.6
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    pfam00505
    Location:95 → 162
    HMG_box; HMG (high mobility group) box
    pfam09011
    Location:6 → 78
    HMG_box_2; HMG-box domain

  2. NM_001130689.1 → NP_001124161.1  high mobility group protein B2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001124161.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AA576809, AC097534, BM727941, BM781845
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS3816.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B2R4K8, D3DP37, P26583, Q5U072
    Related
    ENSP00000404912.2, ENST00000438704.6
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    pfam00505
    Location:95 → 162
    HMG_box; HMG (high mobility group) box
    pfam09011
    Location:6 → 78
    HMG_box_2; HMG-box domain

  3. NM_002129.4 → NP_002120.1  high mobility group protein B2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_002120.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript.
    Source sequence(s)
    AA576809, AC097534, BM727941
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS3816.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B2R4K8, D3DP37, P26583, Q5U072
    Related
    ENSP00000296503.5, ENST00000296503.10
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    pfam00505
    Location:95 → 162
    HMG_box; HMG (high mobility group) box
    pfam09011
    Location:6 → 78
    HMG_box_2; HMG-box domain

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000004.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    173331376..173334358 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060928.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    176670801..176673783 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P26583.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P26583

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
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