Taxanes appear to have significant clinical activity in hormone-refractory prostate cancer and are entering increasing numbers of clinical trials. In general, they appear to initiate the apoptotic process by binding to beta-tubulin and promoting its polymerization. However, it is possible, at least in prostate cancer cell lines, that the ultimate decision for or against apoptosis may be modulated by a number of factors, including levels of Bcl-family members, especially the antiapoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-xL. Differences in the cellular pharmacology of docetaxel (Taxotere; Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, PA) and paclitaxel have been identified. Docetaxel has a somewhat higher affinity for microtubules than paclitaxel (approximately twofold), and in some circumstances may be a more potent inducer of bcl-2 phosphorylation. However, it is not clear whether these docetaxel-induced events are directly related to its antiprostate cancer effects. In murine macrophages, paclitaxel, but not docetaxel, induces several proinflammatory genes, but it is not known whether this occurs in prostate cancer cells. The mechanisms of cytotoxicity of taxanes in prostate cancer are undoubtedly complex and will require considerable additional study to fully understand.