Abstract
Smads are signal transducers for the members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors induce differentiation of C2C12 cells into osteoblast-like cells. Using an adenoviral expression vector system, we showed that receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) activated by BMPs can induce the differentiation of C2C12 cells. Inhibitory Smads (I-Smads) interfere with the osteoblast differentiation of C2C12 cells by preventing the nuclear translocation of R-Smads. After translocation into the nucleus, Smad oligomers regulate the transcription of target genes through binding to DNA directly, interaction with other DNA binding proteins, and recruitment of transcriptional co-activators or co-repressors. Through interaction with different transcription factors and transcriptional co-activators or co-repressors, Smads may exhibit specific effects in various cell types.
Publication types
-
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
-
Review
MeSH terms
-
Adenoviridae / genetics
-
Animals
-
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
-
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors
-
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / metabolism
-
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / pharmacology
-
Cell Differentiation / drug effects
-
Cell Nucleus / genetics
-
Cell Nucleus / metabolism
-
DNA-Binding Proteins / genetics
-
DNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism*
-
Humans
-
Nuclear Proteins / genetics
-
Nuclear Proteins / metabolism
-
Osteoblasts / cytology
-
Osteoblasts / drug effects
-
Phosphoproteins / genetics
-
Phosphoproteins / metabolism
-
Proto-Oncogene Proteins / genetics
-
Proto-Oncogene Proteins / metabolism
-
Receptors, Cell Surface / metabolism
-
Receptors, Growth Factor*
-
Signal Transduction*
-
Smad Proteins
-
Smad1 Protein
-
Smad5 Protein
-
Smad6 Protein
-
Smad7 Protein
-
Trans-Activators / genetics
-
Trans-Activators / metabolism*
-
Transcription Factors / genetics
-
Transcription Factors / metabolism
-
Transforming Growth Factor beta / metabolism*
Substances
-
BMP2 protein, human
-
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
-
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
-
DNA-Binding Proteins
-
Nuclear Proteins
-
Phosphoproteins
-
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
-
Receptors, Cell Surface
-
Receptors, Growth Factor
-
SMAD1 protein, human
-
SMAD5 protein, human
-
SMAD6 protein, human
-
SMAD7 protein, human
-
Smad Proteins
-
Smad1 Protein
-
Smad5 Protein
-
Smad6 Protein
-
Smad7 Protein
-
Trans-Activators
-
Transcription Factors
-
Transforming Growth Factor beta
-
SKI protein, human
-
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors