Osteoarthritis is characterized by marked osteophyte formation consisting of new cartilage and bone. Because several growth factors are known to be involved in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and basic fibroblast growth factor in the osteophytes of the human femoral heads in osteoarthritis were examined. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 messenger ribonucleic acid was detected in the osteophytes by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. All of the nine examined osteophytes expressed transforming growth factor-beta 1 messenger ribonucleic acid, whereas one of four osteoarthritic femoral heads and none of four osteonecrotic femoral heads expressed transforming growth factor-beta 1 messenger ribonucleic acid. The extent of transforming growth factor-beta 1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression varied among the osteophytes. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 or basic fibroblast growth factor was analyzed in osteophytes immunohistochemically. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 was localized in the superficial cells in the osteophyte cartilage, but it was scarcely detected in the superficial cells in the degenerative articular cartilage. Basic fibroblast growth factor was detected in the cells in the whole layer of osteophyte cartilage and in the articular cartilage. There was a difference in the localization, which suggests the different roles of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and basic fibroblast growth factor in bone and cartilage metabolism in osteophyte formation.