A report by French physician-scientists suggests a successful application of gene transfer methods in the treatment of two children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to defective interleukin 2 receptor common gamma chain. The protocol used in this clinical trial was derived from a number of preclinical and basic studies leading to improved transduction of hematopoietic stem and primitive progenitor cells using retrovirus vectors. These improvements have also been shown to impact transduction of a long-lived progenitor cell in a chemotherapy protocol in cancer patients. The improved results of these human trials come during a period of increased scrutiny and criticism of human gene therapy trials, due, in part, to significant toxicities in some trials using adenovirus-based vectors. The potential efficacy versus toxicity of phase I trials of human gene therapy is also under question. After many years of research, however, there appears to be real evidence that genetic diseases may be successfully treated by gene transfer techniques. Future clinical studies should be based on continued progress in the understanding of the toxicology of gene delivery systems, vector technology, and target cell manipulation.