Lumican is a member of a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and is reported to be overexpressed during the wound healing process of the cornea, and ischemic and reperfused heart. In the carcinomatous tissues, lumican is overexpressed in human breast and pancreatic cancer tissues. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the expression of lumican mRNA and its protein in human cervical cancer cell lines (CaSki, ME-180 and HeLa cells) and their localization in normal and cancerous human cervical tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis revealed the expression of lumican mRNA and its protein in CaSki, ME-180 and HeLa cells. No or weak immunoreactivity of the lumican protein was observed in stroma but not in squamous and ductal cells of non-cancerous uterine cervical tissues. In 21 of 28 (75%) cervical cancer cases, the lumican protein was strongly expressed in cancer cells, and accumulated particularly in cancer cells at the periphery of the cancer nests. It was also expressed in the fibroblasts adjacent to the cancer cells. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that lumican mRNA was not expressed in squamous or ductal epithelial cells in non-cancerous tissues, but was expressed in most cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts in uterine cervical cancer tissues. The lumican protein was not localized in normal squamous or ductal cells close to cancer cells, but its mRNA was strongly expressed in the same cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report on lumican synthesized by squamous cell carcinomas. These findings may indicate that the accumulated lumican protein in cancer cells at the periphery of cancer nests may play roles in the growth or invasion of human cervical cancer cells.