Abstract
Histone proteins are subject to modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and ADP ribosylation, some of which are known to play important roles in the regulation of chromatin structure and function. Here we report that histone H4 is modified by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) family proteins both in vivo and in vitro. H4 binds to the SUMO-conjugating enzyme (E2), UBC9, and can be sumoylated in an E1 (SUMO-activating enzyme)- and E2-dependent manner. We present evidence suggesting that histone sumoylation mediates gene silencing through recruitment of histone deacetylase and heterochromatin protein 1.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Binding Sites
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Cell Line
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Chromatin / metabolism
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Chromobox Protein Homolog 5
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Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / metabolism
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Glutathione Transferase / metabolism
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Histone Deacetylases / metabolism
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Histones / metabolism*
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Humans
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Immunoblotting
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Luciferases / metabolism
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Models, Genetic
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Precipitin Tests
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Protein Binding
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Repressor Proteins / metabolism
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Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins / metabolism*
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Subcellular Fractions / metabolism
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Transcription, Genetic*
Substances
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Chromatin
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Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
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Histones
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Repressor Proteins
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Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins
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Chromobox Protein Homolog 5
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Luciferases
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Glutathione Transferase
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Histone Deacetylases