Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is a type II membrane protein that mediates cellular iron uptake. Transferrin receptor 2(TfR2), another receptor for transferrin (Tf), has recently been cloned. We examined expression levels of TfR1, TfR2-alpha (membrane form) and TfR2-beta (non-membrane form) transcripts in cells from 67 patients with de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and correlated the results with a variety of clinical features and disease outcomes of these patients. Significant correlations were noted between the levels of both TfR1 and TfR2-alpha (r = 0.771, P < 0.001) and TfR1 and TfR2-beta (r = 0.534, P < 0.001). Unexpectedly, initial white blood cell (WBC) counts were inversely correlated with levels of expression of either TfR1(r = -0.357, P = 0.003), TfR2-alpha (r = -0.486, P < 0.0001), or TfR2-beta (r = -0.435, P = 0.0003). Only TfR2 expression was significantly associated with either serum iron (r = -0.270, P = 0.045) or serum ferritin (r = -0.364, P = 0.008). Multivariate analyses using Cox's proportional hazard model showed that elevated TfR2-alpha, but not TfR1 or TfR2-beta mRNA levels significantly contributed to a better prognosis for AML patients. Furthermore, a group with high expression levels of both TfR2-alpha and TfR2-beta survived significantly longer than a group without high expression of both of them (P < 0.01 by log-rank). The present study suggests that (i) TfRs-independent iron uptake might have an important role in in vivo proliferation of AML cells; (ii) expression of TfR2 (especially the alpha form) is a novel prognostic factor for patients with AML.