The prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer remains poor. TNM classification is not sufficient to predict the prognosis. Therefore, novel predictive markers of the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients are awaited. The abnormality of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) is often involved in human cancers. Excision repair cross complementing 3 (ERCC3) contributes to NER. In esophageal cancer, ERCC3 expression has not been studied. Expression of ERCC3 was quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using LightCycler in 43 primary esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) and their paired normal esophageal mucosa. We examined the correlation between the ERCC3 expression and the clinicopathological factors and prognosis of ESCC patients. ERCC3 expression level was significantly correlated with the pathologic stage, tumor size and local invasiveness (t-factor) in esophageal cancer tissues. Reduced expression of ERCC3 was accompanied with tumor progression (p=0.0049) and higher pathologic stage (p=0.020). Moreover, ESCC patients with low ERCC3 mRNA expression had significantly shorter post-operative survival time than those with high expression (p=0.0003). In esophageal cancer, reduced expression of ERCC3 was correlated with local tumor progression and poor prognosis after operation.