Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by autosomal recessive mutations of the CF transmembrane regulator, CFTR. CFTR functions in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells lining the lung, pancreas, liver, intestines, sweat duct, and the epididymis. The primary problem in CF is that mutations in CFTR affect its ability to be made, processed, and trafficked to the plasma membrane and/or its function as a Cl(-) channel and conductance regulator. Many proteins and processes normally interact with normal CFTR throughout its life cycle and mutant CFTR during the disease process. Understanding the function of these proteins and processes is expected to provide a clearer understanding of how normal CFTR is involved in salt movement and how mutant CFTR is handled by the cell and leads to the pathophysiology of CF. Recently, efforts to find therapies that correct defective CFTR have been intensifying. To facilitate our understanding of normal and mutant CFTR and the identification of new drug targets for developing novel therapies, a panel of experts was convened by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to explore the critical questions, challenges, and current opportunities to highlight new areas of research that would facilitate a integrated understanding of the processes and proteins that impact CFTR. The meeting highlighted the multiple pathways and interacting proteins involved in CFTR folding and biosynthesis, processing, and trafficking. A number of critical areas for future study were identified. Although these therapies are promising, a big question remains as to whether simply correcting defective CFTR will lead to significant improvement in patient health or whether the symptoms manifested in CF will require therapies in addition to those that target defective CFTR specifically.