Abstract
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed oil (BGO) is a unique oil which contains 9cis, 11trans, 13trans-conjugated linolenic acid (9c,11t,13t-CLN) at a high level of more than 60%. In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of free fatty acids prepared from BGO (BGO-FFA) using colon cancer Caco-2 cells. BGO-FFA and purified 9c,11t,13t-CLN remarkably reduced the cell viability of Caco-2. In Caco-2 cells treated with BGO-FFA, DNA fragmentation of apoptosis indicators was observed in a dose-dependent manner. The expression level of apoptosis suppressor Bcl-2 protein was also decreased by BGO-FFA treatment. The GADD45 and p53, which play an important role in apoptosis-inducing pathways, were remarkably up-regulated by BGO-FFA treatment in Caco-2 cells. Up-regulation of PPARgamma mRNA and protein were also observed during apoptosis induced by BGO-FFA. These results suggest that BGO-FFA rich in 9c,11t,13t-CLN may induce apoptosis in Caco-2 cells through up-regulation of GADD45, p53 and PPARgamma.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / therapeutic use*
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Apoptosis* / genetics
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Caco-2 Cells
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Colonic Neoplasms / drug therapy*
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Colonic Neoplasms / genetics
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Colonic Neoplasms / metabolism
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Fatty Acids / isolation & purification
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Fatty Acids / pharmacology
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Fatty Acids / therapeutic use
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GADD45 Proteins
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Gene Expression / drug effects*
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Humans
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / genetics
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Linolenic Acids / isolation & purification
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Linolenic Acids / pharmacology
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Linolenic Acids / therapeutic use*
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Momordica charantia / chemistry*
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PPAR gamma / genetics
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Phytotherapy*
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Plant Oils / therapeutic use*
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / metabolism
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RNA, Messenger / analysis
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RNA, Messenger / metabolism
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Seeds / chemistry
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Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / genetics
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Up-Regulation
Substances
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Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic
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Fatty Acids
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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Linolenic Acids
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PPAR gamma
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Plant Oils
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
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RNA, Messenger
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Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
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eleostearic acid