A major role of the serotonergic system has been hypothesized in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, mostly based on the evidence of action of atypical antipsychotics. Disturbances of serotonergic pathways have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between schizophrenia and the G861C polymorphism in the 5-HT1D(beta) autoreceptor gene. There was conducted a case-control analysis in a sample of 196 schizophrenic patients and 143 gender, age and ethnic matched controls. No statistically differences were found in allelic or genotypic distributions between cases and controls. Thus, the results do not support an association of the G861C polymorphism in the 5-HT1D(beta) autoreceptor gene with schizophrenia in the studied sample.