The nervous system synthesizes steroids that regulate the development and function of neurons and glia, and have neuroprotective properties. The first step in steroidogenesis involves the delivery of free cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it can be converted into pregnenolone by the enzyme cytochrome P450side chain cleavage. The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein are involved in this process and appear to function in a coordinated manner. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mRNA and protein are widely expressed throughout the adult brain. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression has been detected in many neuronal populations, in ependymocytes, in some astroglial cells, in Schwann cells from peripheral nerves and in proliferating cells of the developing and adult brain. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein is colocalized in the same neural cells with P450side chain cleavage and with other steroidogenic enzymes. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in the brain shows marked changes with development, aging and injury. The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene may be under the control of diverse mechanisms in different neural cell types, since its expression is upregulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP) in gliomas and astrocytes in culture and downregulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP) in Schwann cells. In addition, activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and the consequent rise in intracellular calcium levels, activates steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and steroidogenesis in hippocampal neurons. In conclusion, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein is regulated in the nervous system by different physiological and pathological conditions and may play an important role during brain development, aging and after injury.