Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and its endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) play an important role in inflammatory response and in pain modulation. It has recently been shown that polymorphism of the IL-1beta and IL-1Ra genes may account for variation in the production of these cytokines. The present study examined the hypothesis that polymorphism of IL-1beta and IL-1Ra genes is involved in pain sensitivity and morphine consumption in the immediate postoperative period. Genetic polymorphism was determined in 76 women undergoing transabdominal hysterectomy. The genotype of IL-1Ra was determined using PCR amplification of the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of 86 base pair (bp) in intron 2, while for IL-1beta the cytosine to thymine transition at codon -511 of the promoter was determined by PCR. Morphine consumption and pain scores were evaluated in the first postoperative 24 h. The study group was divided based on morphine consumption to three sub-groups: low morphine consumers (LMC) (<28 mg/24 h), medium morphine consumers (MMC) (28-38 mg/24 h), and high morphine consumers (HMC) (>38 mg/24 h). Patients consuming the least amount of morphine postoperatively showed significant lower pain scores. IL-1Ra genetic polymorphism of the MMC group was significantly different compared to the other two groups. No difference in IL-1beta gene polymorphism was found among the three sub-groups. Since IL-1Ra polymorphism is known to affect the levels of both IL-1Ra and IL-1, cytokines associated with modulation of pain sensitivity and morphine analgesia, it is suggested that IL-1Ra genetic polymorphism may contribute to the variation in postoperative morphine consumption.