Nerve growth factor (NGF) is overexpressed not only in nervous system, but also in several types of cancers. However, the role of NGF in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OESCC) remains unclear. Here, we show the first evidence of NGF-TrkA autocrine loop and clinical significance of NGF overexpression in OESCC. Immunohistochemical study of 109 OESCC specimens revealed that NGF overexpression, found in 63 out of 109 patients (57.8%), was associated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, higher TNM stage, poorer tumour differentiation, and poorer survival. NGF overexpression was also associated with strong expression of TrkA and negative expression of low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of 19 surgical specimens showed upregulation of NGF mRNA in 17 out of 19 (89%) patients. All five OESCC cell lines tested in vitro secreted detectable NGF in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and expressed TrkA and p75NTR on RT-PCR and Western blot. The motility of HSA/c, one of the OESCC cell lines overexpressing NGF, was significantly decreased by either neutralising anti-NGF antibody, an inhibitor of TrkA, or NGF-small interfering RNA in transwell migration assay. Our findings suggest that NGF is of potential interest not only as a prognostic factor, but also as a novel therapeutic target in OESCC.