Gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a histologically distinct tumour derived from MALT acquired as a result of Helicobacter pylori infection. Eradication of H. pylori causes clinical regression of the lymphoma n 75 % of cases. In seeking to identify those cases resistant to this therapy, and in the interests of further understanding the biology of MALT lymphoma, genetic alterations of MALT lymphomas have been investigated. Three translocations, t(11;18)(q21; q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32) and t(14;18)(q32;q21) are specifically associated with MALT lymphoma and the genes involved have been identified. T(11;18) results in a chimeric fusion between the API2 and MALT1 genes and is specifically associated with gastric MALT lymphomas that do not respond to eradication of H. pylori. T(1; 14) and t(14; 18) deregulate bcl-10 and MALT1 expression respectively. These three chromosomal translocations that involve different genes appear to share common oncogenic properties by targeting the to target the same NFkappaB oncogenic pathway.