A unique DNA binding domain converts T-cell factors into strong Wnt effectors

Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Dec;27(23):8352-63. doi: 10.1128/MCB.02132-06. Epub 2007 Sep 24.

Abstract

Wnt regulation of gene expression requires binding of LEF/T-cell factor (LEF/TCF) transcription factors to Wnt response elements (WREs) and recruitment of the activator beta-catenin. There are significant differences in the abilities of LEF/TCF family members to regulate Wnt target genes. For example, alternatively spliced isoforms of TCF-1 and TCF-4 with a C-terminal "E" tail are uniquely potent in their activation of LEF1 and CDX1. Here we report that the mechanism responsible for this unique activity is an auxiliary 30-amino-acid DNA interaction motif referred to here as the "cysteine clamp" (or C-clamp). The C-clamp contains invariant cysteine, aromatic, and basic residues, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies with recombinant C-clamp protein showed that it binds double-stranded DNA but not single-stranded DNA or RNA (equilibrium dissociation constant = 16 nM). CASTing (Cyclic Amplification and Selection of Targets) experiments were used to test whether this motif influences WRE recognition. Full-length LEF-1, TCF-1E, and TCF-1E with a mutated C-clamp all bind nearly identical WREs (TYYCTTTGATSTT), showing that the C-clamp does not alter WRE specificity. However, a GC element downstream of the WRE (RCCG) is enriched in wild-type TCF-1E binding sites but not in mutant TCF-1E binding sites. We conclude that the C-clamp is a sequence-specific DNA binding motif. C-clamp mutations destroy the ability of beta-catenin to regulate the LEF1 promoter, and they severely impair the ability of TCF-1 to regulate growth in colon cancer cells. Thus, E-tail isoforms of TCFs utilize two DNA binding activities to access a subset of Wnt targets important for cell growth.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Motifs
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Base Sequence
  • COS Cells
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Colonic Neoplasms / pathology
  • Conserved Sequence
  • Cysteine / metabolism
  • DNA / metabolism*
  • Humans
  • Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1 / metabolism
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Protein Binding
  • Protein Structure, Tertiary
  • Response Elements / genetics
  • Structure-Activity Relationship
  • TCF Transcription Factors / chemistry*
  • TCF Transcription Factors / metabolism*
  • Transcriptional Activation / genetics
  • Wnt Proteins / metabolism*

Substances

  • Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1
  • TCF Transcription Factors
  • Wnt Proteins
  • DNA
  • Cysteine