The aim of this study was the search of association of polymorphous markers Pro72Arg and C(-594)CC of TP53 gene with diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with or without clinical signs of DPN. We have found that polymorphous marker Pro72Arg of TP53 gene was associated with DPN in Russian patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus living in Moscow. The carriers of Arg allele and Arg/Arg genotype had higher risk of DPN development (OR = 1.96; CI = 1.32-2.90; and OR = 2.14; CI = 1.23-3.73; relatively). On the contrary, the carriage of Pro allele was associated with the lower risk of DPN development (OR = 0.51; CI = 0.34-0.76). We have not found any association of polymorphous marker C(-594)CC of TP53 gene with DPN in Russian patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus living in Moscow.