Recent data from several groups demonstrate high levels of IL-7 in the joints of RA patients, but much lower levels in OA. In contrast, circulating levels of IL-7 in RA remain a point of debate. IL-7 has many roles in T cell, dendritic cell and bone biology in humans. Reduced levels of circulating IL-7 probably underlie a number of the dysfunctions associated with circulating T cells in RA and may provide a mechanism for some of the unexplained systemic manifestations of the disease. However, IL-7 in the joint may have a more sinister role, contributing to a vicious cycle perpetuating inflammation. Typically, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha increase the stromal production of IL-7 and in turn, IL-7 up-regulates the production of TNF-alpha by macrophages. Most importantly, IL-7 induces the production of osteoclastogenic cytokines by T cells, leading to the maturation of osteoclasts and therefore bone destruction. By linking the stroma with innate and adaptive immunity in RA, IL-7 may be directing the cellular network, leading to chronic inflammation and joint destruction. Blocking IL-7 may well therefore be of therapeutic value.