In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), platelets are destroyed in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow (BM) by autoantibodies and cytotoxic T cells. In a DNA microarray screen of peripheral blood T cells, we found that VLA-4, CX3CR1, and CXCR4, involved in T-cell homing, had increased expression in ITP patients compared with controls. However, we only found increased protein expression of VLA-4 on T cells from peripheral blood by flow cytometry. To address a possible recruitment of T cells into the organs involved in platelet destruction, we analyzed T cells in BM. In BM, T-cell surface expression of VLA-4 and CX3CR1 was increased in ITP patients compared with controls. Furthermore, the number of CD3(+) T cells in BM, but not in blood, was increased in ITP patients compared with controls. This finding was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of BM biopsies. The number of regulatory T cells (CD4(+)/CD25(bright)) was decreased in the BM of ITP patients, whereas Fas expression was increased. In conclusion, ITP is associated with accumulation and activation of T cells in the BM. Recruitment of T cells into the target organ (eg, BM) is plausible and may be facilitated through increased VLA-4 and CX3CR1 expression. These molecules might serve as new treatment targets in ITP.