Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) belongs to the FGFR family, which plays an important role in cell growth, invasiveness, motility and angiogenesis. In human breast cancer, expression of FGFR2 is estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and correlates with a lower rate of apoptosis. Recently, whole-genome association studies have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FGFR2 as novel breast cancer susceptibility loci. In the present study of 1049 breast cancer patients and 1073 cancer-free controls, we assessed whether polymorphisms of FGFR2 are associated with breast cancer risk in Chinese women and whether these associations are stronger in women with a reproductive history suggestive of greater exposure to endogenous estrogens. We genotyped three FGFR2 polymorphisms (rs2981582C/T, rs1219648A/G and rs2420946C/T) using the SNPstream 12-plex platform. Each of the three SNPs was significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with women with 0-2 risk loci, those with 3 risk loci had a 1.36-fold increased odds of breast cancer (95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.62, P = 0.001). In stratified analyses, associations between the presence of 3 risk loci and breast cancer were stronger among women with ER- and/or progesterone receptor-positive cancers, premenopausal women and women with an older age at first live birth. Furthermore, there was a significant additive interaction between risk genotypes and menopausal status (P for multiplication interaction/additive interaction: 0.083/0.037). These findings indicate that genetic variants in FGFR2 may contribute to breast cancer occurrence in Chinese women, possibly through pathways related to estrogen and/or progesterone.