Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A) neuropathy, the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy, is primarily caused by a gene duplication for the peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22). In an accordant mouse model, we investigated the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) as a regulator of nerve macrophages and neural damage including axonopathy and demyelination. By generating PMP22tg mice with reduced levels or lack of MCP-1/CCL2, we found that MCP-1/CCL2 is involved in the increase of macrophages in mutant nerves. PMP22tg mice with wild-type levels of MCP-1/CCL2 showed strong macrophage increase in the diseased nerves, whereas either 50% reduction or total absence of MCP-1/CCL2 led to a moderate or a strong reduction of nerve macrophages, respectively. Interestingly, MCP-1/CCL2 expression level and macrophage numbers were correlated with features indicative of axon damage, such as maldistribution of K+ channels, reduced compound muscle action potentials, and muscle weakness. Demyelinating features, however, were most highly reduced when MCP-1/CCL2 was diminished by 50%, whereas complete lack of MCP-1/CCL2 showed an intermediate demyelinating phenotype. We also identified the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-pathway as being involved in MCP-1/CCL2 expression in the Schwann cells of the CMT1A model. Our data show that, in a CMT1A model, MCP-1/CCL2 activates nerve macrophages, mediates both axon damage and demyelination, and may thus be a promising target for therapeutic approaches.