Prevalence of amblyopia risk factors in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Purpose: To determine whether children who present to an ophthalmology practice for nasolacrimal duct obstruction are more likely to have risk factors for amblyopia.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients presenting to a pediatric oculoplastic specialist between January 1, 2001, and August 8, 2009. The review yielded 402 pediatric patients diagnosed with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Children were classified as having amblyopia risk factors on the basis of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus referral criteria.

Results: Of 402 patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction, 100% received a cyclopegic refraction. Of these, 88 patients (22%) were found to have amblyogenic risk factors; 65 of these patients had amblyogenic refractive errors, 9 had strabismus, and 14 had a combination of the two. Of the 88 patients with amblyopia risk factors, 11% had a family history of strabismus compared with 9% of patients without amblyopia risk factors, which was not a statistically significant difference. There was no other significant pathology found on the dilated fundus examinations except for one child known to have persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and a congenital cataract and one child with previously known CHARGE syndrome before the examination for nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Conclusions: Children who present with nasolacromal duct obstructions seem to be more likely to have amblyopia risk factors and therefore should have a full comprehensive pediatric ophthalmological examination, including cycloplegic refraction.