Hypertension is a common complication in hemodialysis patients during erythropoietin (EPO) treatment. The underlying mechanisms of EPO-induced hypertension still remain to be determined. Increased transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels have been associated with hypertension. Now, TRPC gene expression was investigated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting in cultured human endothelial cells and in monocytes from hemodialysis patients. EPO dose-dependently increased TRPC5 mRNA in endothelial cells. EPO increased TRPC5 mRNA stability, that is, EPO prolonged the half-life period for TRPC5 mRNA from 16 hours (control) to 24 hours (P<0.05). The poly(A) tail length was measured by rapid amplification of cDNA ends-poly(A) test. Increased TRPC5 mRNA stability was attributed to longer 3' poly(A) tail lengths after EPO administration. EPO also significantly increased TRPC5 channel protein abundance by 70% (P<0.05). Whole-cell patch clamp showed that angiotensin II-induced, TRPC5-mediated currents were dramatically increased in endothelial cells treated with EPO. Fluorescent dye techniques confirmed that increased calcium influx after EPO treatment was abolished after TRPC5 knockdown (P<0.05). EPO also significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species production. Knockdown of TRPC5 alleviated EPO-induced reactive oxygen species generation in endothelial cells (P<0.05). In vivo, EPO-treated hemodialysis patients showed significantly increased amounts of TRPC5 mRNA in monocytes compared with EPO-free hemodialysis patients (6.0±2.4 [n=12] versus 1.0±0.5 [n=9]; P<0.01). Patients undergoing EPO treatment also showed significantly elevated systolic blood pressure (160±7 versus 139±6 mm Hg; P<0.05). Our findings suggest that upregulated functional TRPC5 gene may be one cause of EPO-induced hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease.