HIV Restriction Factors and Mechanisms of Evasion

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 May;2(5):a006940. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006940.

Abstract

Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host-pathogen interactions and their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis but have also provided novel insights into host cell biology. This is illustrated by the recent descriptions of host-encoded restriction factors that can serve as effective inhibitors of retroviral replication. Here, we review our understanding of the three restriction factors that have been widely shown to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1: namely, APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, and tetherin. In each case, we discuss how these unrelated proteins were identified, the mechanisms by which they inhibit replication, the means used by HIV-1 to evade their action, and their potential contributions to viral pathogenesis as well as inter- and intraspecies transmission.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • APOBEC Deaminases
  • Antigens, CD / physiology*
  • Antiviral Restriction Factors
  • Carrier Proteins / physiology*
  • Cytidine Deaminase
  • Cytosine Deaminase / physiology*
  • GPI-Linked Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
  • GPI-Linked Proteins / physiology
  • Genes, vif / genetics
  • HIV Infections / genetics
  • HIV Infections / virology*
  • HIV-1 / genetics
  • HIV-1 / physiology*
  • Host-Pathogen Interactions
  • Humans
  • Mutation / genetics
  • Tripartite Motif Proteins
  • Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
  • Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / physiology
  • Virus Replication / physiology

Substances

  • Antigens, CD
  • Antiviral Restriction Factors
  • BST2 protein, human
  • Carrier Proteins
  • GPI-Linked Proteins
  • Tripartite Motif Proteins
  • Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
  • TRIM5 protein, human
  • Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
  • Cytosine Deaminase
  • APOBEC Deaminases
  • APOBEC3 proteins, human
  • Cytidine Deaminase