Background: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is the most common autoinflammatory disorder in the world. It is characterized by recurrent febrile inflammatory attacks of serosal and synovial membranes. MEFV gene mutations are responsible for the disease and its protein product, pyrin or marenostrin, plays an essential role in the regulation of the inflammatory reactions. Although the disease may carry a potential for cardiovascular disorders because of sustained inflammation during its course, the spectrum of cardiac involvement in children with FMF has not been well studied. We aimed at defining the frequency and spectrum of cardiac affection in children with FMF. The correlation between these affections and MEFV gene mutations was searched for to establish the relationship between cardiac phenotype and the patient's genotype in FMF.
Methods: The present work is a cohort study including 55 patients with the clinical diagnosis of FMF based on the Tel-Hashomere criteria, confirmed by genetic analysis showing homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation of MEFV genes. Fifty age- and sex-matched normal children were included as controls. The entire study group underwent detailed cardiac examination, 12-lead ECG and echocardiography. All data was statistically analysed using SPSS version-15.
Results: Patients had an average age of 8.5+/-4.2 years; with an average disease duration of 2.1+/-2.2 years; 28 were males. All controls showed no MEVF gene mutations. The most frequent gene mutation of the studied cases was E148Q mutation seen in 34% of cases and the most frequent compound mutation was E148Q/V726A seen in 16.6% of cases. Echocardiographic examination revealed pericardial effusion in nine patients. Twelve had aortic regurgitation; nine had mitral regurgitation and six had pulmonary regurgitation. The most common mutation associated with pericardial effusion was E148Q/V726A in 5/9 of cases. Valvular involvement were significantly more common in FMF patients with gene mutations. Also cardiac involvement was more common in patients with positive consanguinity. However, these cardiac manifestations showed no correlation to age, family history of FMF, or response to therapy or laboratory data.
Conclusions: In our cohort of children with FMF, cardiac involvement appears to be common. Pericardial effusions are significantly related to presence of mutation types E48Q, P 369S, V726A. These associations may warrant genetic screening of children with FMF to detect cardiac risk.