Val66Met (rs6265) is a gene variation, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene that codes for the protein BDNF. The substitution of Met for Val occurs at position 66 in the pro-region of the BDNF gene and is responsible for altered activity-dependent release and recruitment of BDNF in neurons. This is believed to manifest itself in an altered ability in neuroplasticity induction and an increased predisposition toward a number of neurological disorders. Many studies using neuroplasticity-inducing protocols have investigated the impact of the BDNF polymorphism on cortical modulation and plasticity; however, the results are partly contradictory and dependent on the paradigm used in a given study. The aim of this review is to summarize recent knowledge on the relationship of this BDNF SNP and neuroplasticity.