The interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family--Balance between agonists and antagonists in inflammatory diseases

Cytokine. 2015 Nov;76(1):25-37. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.06.017. Epub 2015 Jul 13.

Abstract

The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines comprises 11 members, including 7 pro-inflammatory agonists (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ) and 4 defined or putative antagonists (IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-36Ra, IL-37, and IL-38) exerting anti-inflammatory activities. Except for IL-1Ra, IL-1 cytokines do not possess a leader sequence and are secreted via an unconventional pathway. In addition, IL-1β and IL-18 are produced as biologically inert pro-peptides that require cleavage by caspase-1 in their N-terminal region to generate active proteins. N-terminal processing is also required for full activity of IL-36 cytokines. The IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family comprises 10 members and includes cytokine-specific receptors, co-receptors and inhibitory receptors. The signaling IL-1Rs share a common structure with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains and an intracellular Toll-like/IL-1R (TIR) domain. IL-1 cytokines bind to their specific receptor, which leads to the recruitment of a co-receptor and intracellular signaling. IL-1 cytokines induce potent inflammatory responses and their activity is tightly controlled at the level of production, protein processing and maturation, receptor binding and post-receptor signaling by naturally occurring inhibitors. Some of these inhibitors are IL-1 family antagonists, while others are IL-1R family members acting as membrane-bound or soluble decoy receptors. An imbalance between agonist and antagonist levels can lead to exaggerated inflammatory responses. Several genetic modifications or mutations associated with dysregulated IL-1 activity and autoinflammatory disorders were identified in mouse models and in patients. These findings paved the road to the successful use of IL-1 inhibitors in diseases that were previously considered as untreatable.

Keywords: Autoinflammatory disorders; Cytokine antagonists; Inflammasome; Interleukin-1.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Caspase 1 / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / immunology*
  • Inflammation / metabolism
  • Interleukin-1 / agonists
  • Interleukin-1 / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Interleukin-1 / chemistry
  • Interleukin-1 / metabolism*
  • Interleukin-18 / immunology
  • Interleukin-18 / metabolism
  • Interleukin-1beta / immunology
  • Interleukin-1beta / metabolism
  • Interleukin-33 / agonists
  • Interleukin-33 / immunology
  • Interleukins / agonists*
  • Interleukins / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Interleukins / immunology
  • Mice
  • Receptors, Interleukin-1 / chemistry
  • Receptors, Interleukin-1 / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction

Substances

  • Interleukin-1
  • Interleukin-18
  • Interleukin-1beta
  • Interleukin-33
  • Interleukins
  • Receptors, Interleukin-1
  • Caspase 1