In Silico Knockout Studies of Xenophagic Capturing of Salmonella

PLoS Comput Biol. 2016 Dec 1;12(12):e1005200. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005200. eCollection 2016 Dec.

Abstract

The degradation of cytosol-invading pathogens by autophagy, a process known as xenophagy, is an important mechanism of the innate immune system. Inside the host, Salmonella Typhimurium invades epithelial cells and resides within a specialized intracellular compartment, the Salmonella-containing vacuole. A fraction of these bacteria does not persist inside the vacuole and enters the host cytosol. Salmonella Typhimurium that invades the host cytosol becomes a target of the autophagy machinery for degradation. The xenophagy pathway has recently been discovered, and the exact molecular processes are not entirely characterized. Complete kinetic data for each molecular process is not available, so far. We developed a mathematical model of the xenophagy pathway to investigate this key defense mechanism. In this paper, we present a Petri net model of Salmonella xenophagy in epithelial cells. The model is based on functional information derived from literature data. It comprises the molecular mechanism of galectin-8-dependent and ubiquitin-dependent autophagy, including regulatory processes, like nutrient-dependent regulation of autophagy and TBK1-dependent activation of the autophagy receptor, OPTN. To model the activation of TBK1, we proposed a new mechanism of TBK1 activation, suggesting a spatial and temporal regulation of this process. Using standard Petri net analysis techniques, we found basic functional modules, which describe different pathways of the autophagic capture of Salmonella and reflect the basic dynamics of the system. To verify the model, we performed in silico knockout experiments. We introduced a new concept of knockout analysis to systematically compute and visualize the results, using an in silico knockout matrix. The results of the in silico knockout analyses were consistent with published experimental results and provide a basis for future investigations of the Salmonella xenophagy pathway.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Autophagy / physiology*
  • Computer Simulation*
  • Cytosol
  • Galectins / metabolism
  • Intestinal Mucosa / cytology
  • Intestinal Mucosa / microbiology
  • Intestine, Small / cytology
  • Mammals
  • Models, Biological*
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
  • Salmonella typhimurium* / cytology
  • Salmonella typhimurium* / pathogenicity
  • Salmonella typhimurium* / physiology
  • Ubiquitin / metabolism

Substances

  • Galectins
  • Ubiquitin
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the LOEWE program Ubiquitin Networks (Ub-Net) of the State of Hesse (Germany) (20120712/B4; https://biochem2.com/LOEWE/) and by the Cluster of Excellence ‘Macromolecular Complexes’ of the Goethe University of Frankfurt (3212070002/TP2; http://www.cef-mc.de/index.php?id=2). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.