Purpose: To determine current practice regarding screening, management, and follow-up of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), particularly those with feeding arteries <3 mm in diameter, in those patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) at HHT Centers of Excellence.
Materials and methods: A 32-question survey focusing on PAVM screening, management, and follow-up was sent to 147 participants at HHT Centers worldwide.
Results: Thirty-three responses were received (22%); 60% from interventional radiologists and 20% from pulmonologists; 67% from the USA, 21% European, and 6% Asian. In HHT patients with initial negative screening echocardiogram, 60% recommended repeat screening contrast echocardiogram in 5 years, while 15% felt that no additional screening was necessary in these patients. Fifty-nine percentage reported never having seen a patient with initial negative contrast echocardiogram become positive. In patients with grade 1 echocardiograms, 41% recommended contrast-enhanced CT as the next step in management, 22% recommended non-contrast CT, and 22 and 3% recommended repeat echocardiogram in 5 and 10 years, respectively. In patients with grade 1 echocardiograms but no visible PAVMs, opinions regarding the use of bubble filters were evenly divided, while 79% recommended prophylactic antibiotics prior to invasive procedures. Eighty percentages of respondents treat PAVMs with feeding artery less than 3 mm, and 52% treat feeders less than 2 mm. Regarding follow-up, 71% reported seeing PAVM recurrence at the site of a previously completely treated PAVM.
Conclusion: There is inconsistency in practice regarding PAVM screening, management, and follow-up, suggesting a need for further research and guideline development.
Keywords: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; Interventional radiology; Medical genetics; Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation.