A novel GATA2 distal enhancer mutation results in MonoMAC syndrome in 2 second cousins

Mutations in the transcription factor GATA2 can cause MonoMAC syndrome, a GATA2 deficiency disease characterized by several findings, including disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, severe deficiencies of monocytes, natural killer cells, and B lymphocytes, and myelodysplastic syndrome. GATA2 mutations are found in ∼90% of patients with a GATA2 deficiency phenotype and are largely missense mutations in the conserved second zinc-finger domain. Mutations in an intron 5 regulatory enhancer element are also well described in GATA2 deficiency. Here, we present a multigeneration kindred with the clinical features of GATA2 deficiency but lacking an apparent GATA2 mutation. Whole genome sequencing revealed a unique adenine-to-thymine variant in the GATA2 -110 enhancer 116,855 bp upstream of the GATA2 ATG start site. The mutation creates a new E-box consensus in position with an existing GATA-box to generate a new hematopoietic regulatory composite element. The mutation segregates with the disease in several generations of the family. Cell type-specific allelic imbalance of GATA2 expression was observed in the bone marrow of a patient with higher expression from the mutant-linked allele. Allele-specific overexpression of GATA2 was observed in CRISPR/Cas9-modified HL-60 cells and in luciferase assays with the enhancer mutation. This study demonstrates overexpression of GATA2 resulting from a single nucleotide change in an upstream enhancer element in patients with MonoMAC syndrome. Patients in this study were enrolled in the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases clinical trial and the National Cancer Institute clinical trial (both trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01905826 and #NCT01861106, respectively).