The prevalence of alpha-thalassaemia and various globin gene rearrangements was determined in 1992 individuals living on 11 islands in French Polynesia. The gene frequencies for alpha(+)-thalassaemia (almost exclusively the -alpha 3.7III deletion form) range from 5.3% to 19.2%. Haematological indices on 177 heterozygotes and 27 homozygotes for the -alpha 3.7III variant showed considerable overlap with indices of normal individuals; although there was a broad correlation of average indices with alpha-globin genotype, individual values were a poor indication of genotype. A non-deletion form of alpha(+)-thalassaemia (alpha alpha Th), triplicated alpha genes (alpha alpha alpha) and single zeta gene (-zeta) chromosomes were present at low frequencies (< 1%), whereas triplicated gamma gene (gamma gamma gamma) and triplicated zeta (zeta zeta zeta) arrangements were more common (1.1-16.3%). alpha 0-thalassaemia, probably introduced from Southeast Asia in the early part of this century, was observed in a number of individuals of Chinese and Chinese/Polynesian ancestry. Because of the high frequency of alpha(+)-Thalassaemia on some islands, it therefore seems likely that haemoglobin H disease (resulting from the interaction between alpha 0 and alpha(+)-thalassaemia) must occur in parts of French Polynesia.