When treated in vitro with retinoic acid, many neuroblastoma cell lines undergo neuronal differentiation and show a significant increase in human multi-drug resistance gene (MDRI) transcript levels. To determine whether over-expression of the gene may result from activation of its promoter by differentiating agents, the activity of the human MDRI proximal promoter (MDRI pp) transfected to 2 neuroblastoma lines treated with retinoic acid and forskolin was first measured using transient expression assays. The MDRI gene transcript levels of these 2 lines were then measured by Northern blots. The results indicate that retinoic acid and forskolin were able to activate the human MDRI pp in a dose-dependent manner after transfection of the MDRI pp-CAT constructs in the 2 cell models tested, i.e., SK-N-SH and IGR-N-91, a new human neuroblastoma cell line. A significant increase in MDRI gene transcript levels was observed upon treatment with differentiation inducers in SK-N-SH but not in IGR-N-91 neuroblasts. These results suggest that the induction of the MDRI gene promoter is necessary but not sufficient to lead to an increase in MDRI gene transcript levels, according to the neuroblast cell line considered.