A case-control association study was conducted among patients with schizophrenia (DSM-III-R, n = 141) and unaffected controls (n = 177) of Caucasain and African-American ethnicity. No significant differences in the distribution of a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) gene were noted between the two groups. This study does not support an association between schizophrenia and the NT-3 gene locus in a United States cohort.