Research on Neurofibromatosis (NF) has been directed at understanding what determines disease quiescence, exacerbation, and the possible malignant evolution. Studies on NF have examined the role of genetic oncosuppression in the evolution of the defence against the non-self. Paraffin fixed specimens of benign and malignant neoplasia, occurring in patients with NF1 and NF2, were tested for the presence of p53: a reliable marker of genetic oncosupression. The wild type variant of p53 is expressed in malignant neoplasia, and is usually not expressed in benign tumors. Contrariwise, an immune reaction it is seen in benign tumors and is practically absent in malignant tumors. Evidence of protein p53 in the various malignant neoplasias studied by our group seems to reflect the up-regulation on the oncosuppresive genetic potential that occurs while there is a lack of immunological defence. In the presence of an immunological defence, the expression p53 is normally not seen e.g. plexiform neurofibromas. The evolution of the various neoplastic types here reported was the same as that reported by current clinical and experimental models: the cell's defective genes are no longer suppressed and after activation the genes undergo initiation, promotion, and the cell sustains inflammatory-immune reactions that lead to fibrosis; what follows is a variable period of apparent quiescence. Severe pathogenic stimuli may act on predisposed cells and deteriorate pre-existing genetic damage, casting the cell into a phase of dysplastic or neoplastic proliferation that overcomes the body's defences. Hope for future therapy lies in the development of drugs that can either mimic the immune system or the proteins encoded by the oncosuppressor genes.