Myoblast transplantation and gene therapy are two promising therapeutical approaches for the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). So far, both strategies have met many hurdles, mainly because of immune reactions. In this study, we investigated a third and novel strategy based on the combination of these two basic ones, i.e., transplantation of genetically modified myoblasts. We first derived a primary culture from a muscle biopsy of a young DMD patient (3 years old). Adenoviral-mediated dystrophin gene transfer into these DMD cultures and expression of the dystrophin transgene were achieved in vitro. The transduced cultures were then transplanted the same day in immunodeficient SCID mouse muscles. Three weeks following the graft, many human dystrophin-positive fibers were observed throughout sections of the injected muscles. However, many fibers expressed human MHC antigens without expressing human dystrophin due to the low percentage of infected primary muscle cells in vitro (even when a high MOI [400] was used) and to a reduction and even to a complete loss of transgene copy number during myoblast replication. From our results, we conclude that, although not at a high proportion, (1) DMD primary myoblast cultures are infectable by adenoviruses; (2) they can be efficiently transplanted back in a muscle, leading to normal fusion of infected myoblasts with the host fibers; and (3) they can correct the dystrophin deficiency in the host fibers by the expression of a mini-dystrophin transgene.