| Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive, but large pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because a passivation layer of nickel oxide forms on the surface that prevents further corrosion. Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.
Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the origin of those elements as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth's outer and inner cores.
Use of nickel (as natural meteoric nickel–iron alloy) has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel was first isolated and classified as an element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially mistook the ore for a copper mineral, in the cobalt mines of Los, Hälsingland, Sweden. The element's name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel (similar to Old Nick). Nickel minerals can be green, like copper ores, and were known as kupfernickel – Nickel's copper – because they produced no copper.
Although most nickel in the earth's crust exists as oxides, economically more important nickel ores are sulfides, especially pentlandite. Major production sites include Sulawesi, Indonesia, the Sudbury region, Canada (which is thought to be of meteoric origin), New Caledonia in the Pacific, Western Australia, and Norilsk, Russia.
Nickel is one of four elements (the others are iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) that are ferromagnetic at about room temperature. Alnico permanent magnets based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and rare-earth magnets. The metal is used chiefly in alloys and corrosion-resistant plating.
About 68% of world production is used in stainless steel. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 9% for plating, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, and 4% in other applications such as in rechargeable batteries, including those in electric vehicles (EVs). Nickel is widely used in coins, though nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy. As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation, cathodes for rechargeable batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site.
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InChI=1S/C18H20O2/c1- 3-17(13-5-9-15(19)10-6-13)18(4-2)14-7-11-16(20)12-8-14/h5-12,19-20H,3-4H2,1-2H3/b18-17+ |
| RGLYKWWBQGJZGM-ISLYRVAYSA-N |
| CC\C(c1ccc(O)cc1)=C(\CC)c1ccc(O)cc1 |
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carcinogenic agent
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
antifungal agent
An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD+ or NADP+ acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.146).
autophagy inducer
Any compound that induces the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell).
calcium channel blocker
One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.
xenoestrogen
A synthetic or semi-synthetic compound that has oestrogenic activity.
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H+/K+-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors.
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antineoplastic agent
A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
endocrine disruptor
Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system
xenoestrogen
A synthetic or semi-synthetic compound that has oestrogenic activity.
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4,4'-(3E)-hex-3-ene-3,4-diyldiphenol
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diéthylstilbestrol
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diethylstilbestrol
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diethylstilbestrolum
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dietilestilbestrol
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(E)-3,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexene
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(E)-4,4'-(1,2-diethyl-1,2-ethenediyl)bisphenol
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4,4'-dihydroxy-α,β-diethylstilbene
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α,α'-diethyl-(E)-4,4'-stilbenediol
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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DES
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KEGG COMPOUND
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Diethylstilbestrol
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KEGG COMPOUND
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trans-4,4'-(1,2-diethyl-1,2-ethenediyl)bisphenol
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trans-Diethylstilbesterol
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2056095
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56-53-1
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56-53-1
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