We tested the hypothesis that single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq, 10X) and computational analysis of human kidney allograft biopsies will reveal new cell types and cell states and yield insights to personalize the care of transplant recipients. Overall design: 3 kidney biopsies from 3 individuals for scRNA-seq; (i) HK: native kidney biopsy from a living kidney, (ii) AK1: allograft kidney biopsy with transplant glomerulopathy, fibrosis, and worsening kidney function but with undetectable circulating anti-HLA antibodies, and (iii) AK2: allograft kidney biopsy after treatment of active antibody-mediated rejection but with persistent circulating donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies.