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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-05-30 20:56:00 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000715
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00715
Metabolite Identification
Common NameKynurenic acid
DescriptionKynurenic acid (KYNA) is a well-known endogenous antagonist of the glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainate receptors and of the nicotine cholinergic subtype alpha 7 receptors. KYNA neuroprotective and anticonvulsive activities have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of KYNA's neuromodulatory character, its involvement has been speculatively linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological conditions including those in the ageing process. Different patterns of abnormalities in various stages of KYNA metabolism in the CNS have been reported in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. In HIV-1-infected patients and in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis a marked rise of KYNA metabolism was seen. In the ageing process KYNA metabolism in the CNS of rats shows a characteristic pattern of changes throughout the life span. A marked increase of the KYNA content in the CNS occurs before the birth, followed by a dramatic decline on the day of birth. A low activity was seen during ontogenesis, and a slow and progressive enhancement occurs during maturation and ageing. This remarkable profile of KYNA metabolism alterations in the mammalian brain has been suggested to result from the development of the organisation of neuronal connections and synaptic plasticity, development of receptor recognition sites, maturation and ageing. There is significant evidence that KYNA can improve cognition and memory, but it has also been demonstrated that it interferes with working memory. Impairment of cognitive function in various neurodegenerative disorders is accompanied by profound reduction and/or elevation of KYNA metabolism. The view that enhancement of CNS KYNA levels could underlie cognitive decline is supported by the increased KYNA metabolism in Alzheimer's disease, by the increased KYNA metabolism in down's syndrome and the enhancement of KYNA function during the early stage of Huntington's disease. Kynurenic acid is the only endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist identified up to now, that mediates glutamatergic hypofunction. Schizophrenia is a disorder of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but modulation of the dopaminergic system by glutamatergic neurotransmission seems to play a key role. Despite the NMDA receptor antagonism, kynurenic acid also blocks, in lower doses, the nicotinergic acetycholine receptor, i.e., increased kynurenic acid levels can explain psychotic symptoms and cognitive deterioration. Kynurenic acid levels are described to be higher in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in critical central nervous system (CNS) regions of schizophrenics as compared to controls. (PMID: 17062375 , 16088227 ). KYNA has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821 ).
Structure
Data?1676999706
Synonyms
ValueSource
4-Hydroxy-2-chinolincarbonsaeureChEBI
4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acidChEBI
4-Hydroxyquinaldic acidChEBI
4-Hydroxyquinaldinic acidChEBI
KynurenateChEBI
KynurensaeureChEBI
4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylateGenerator
4-HydroxyquinaldateGenerator
4-HydroxyquinaldinateGenerator
2-Carboxy-4-hydroxyquinolineHMDB
4-Hydroxy-quinaldateHMDB
4-Hydroxy-quinaldic acidHMDB
4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylateHMDB
4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acidHMDB
Quinurenic acidHMDB
Acid, kynurenicMeSH, HMDB
Chemical FormulaC10H7NO3
Average Molecular Weight189.1675
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight189.042593095
IUPAC Name4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid
Traditional Nameacid, kynurenic
CAS Registry Number492-27-3
SMILES
OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C10H7NO3/c12-9-5-8(10(13)14)11-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)9/h1-5H,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)
InChI KeyHCZHHEIFKROPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinoline carboxylic acids. These are quinolines in which the quinoline ring system is substituted by a carboxyl group at one or more positions.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassQuinolines and derivatives
Sub ClassQuinoline carboxylic acids
Direct ParentQuinoline carboxylic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
  • Dihydroquinolone
  • Dihydroquinoline
  • Pyridine carboxylic acid
  • Pyridine carboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Pyridine
  • Benzenoid
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Vinylogous amide
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Azacycle
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point280 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-Baker137.30130932474
[M+H]+Baker140.98730932474
[M+H]+MetCCS_train_pos136.99730932474
[M-H]-Not Available134.4http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000328
[M+H]+Not Available137.8http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000328
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.95 g/LALOGPS
logP1.16ALOGPS
logP1.58ChemAxon
logS-2.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.17ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.4ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area66.4 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity52.32 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability18.05 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+143.31131661259
DarkChem[M-H]-140.8931661259
AllCCS[M+H]+139.19832859911
AllCCS[M-H]-137.75832859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+132.69130932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-130.21930932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-165.72630932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+141.10430932474
AllCCS[M+H]+139.232859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+134.732859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+143.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+144.632859911
AllCCS[M-H]-137.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-137.832859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-138.032859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Kynurenic acidOC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N12487.0Standard polar33892256
Kynurenic acidOC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N11782.3Standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acidOC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N12168.9Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Kynurenic acid,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2[NH]12044.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,1TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)N1C(C(=O)O)=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C212103.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1[Si](C)(C)C2150.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1[Si](C)(C)C2135.8Standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1[Si](C)(C)C2267.1Standard polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2[NH]12290.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(C(=O)O)=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C212319.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2554.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2530.4Standard non polar33892256
Kynurenic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2516.2Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0159-1985000000-f1c74ffc481c3d0faaa22014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-0159-3895000000-6ba2750c5a9d9754abcc2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0159-0498000000-3db9df2c3d8456d7ba632017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0159-1985000000-f1c74ffc481c3d0faaa22017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0159-3895000000-6ba2750c5a9d9754abcc2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0159-1895000000-e25b66b0b42d1928cc672017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-02ga-1900000000-8c67ab2acdc02b88af2b2016-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-9740000000-a7c5c056d48055e0d44f2017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000i-0900000000-7a5c54ced5b83f291e672012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0006-0900000000-e6b451ee354ed27171602012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000i-9500000000-887e5157431b2908f31e2012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-1900000000-06f7059894cc245cb3442012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-89a88f44f08b8b68d5c12012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-014l-0900000000-3a256522dd8694fe04c02017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-000f-0900000000-a4b194b85fef656b9b652017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-7862c532805b6036dc672017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-5fe3171fdaece30b78c82017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-df3b5b36289798800ad82017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-d4c11672b9479b2cd4b62017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-89a88f44f08b8b68d5c12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid Linear Ion Trap , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-9c26ffa9c04aa03d60f52017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid Linear Ion Trap , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-6a8662ef19d900499a552017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-d69a430b0eb34f38ad542017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-d0ef7c769d4985e856672017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-01ox-0900000000-2a593c8017254be4a3872017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-01ox-0900000000-59f3559c0b95c9411d2c2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOFsplash10-02tc-0900000000-57dbbfb8e12c60951d772017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-878dcda0ee5ec971fa722016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-92fe5294ec4a771f14e02016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-1900000000-fa8b36fb6db8e403b7112016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-0900000000-9cede81ef6dfc45f5f7a2016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000f-0900000000-0d5cf046565b518442d52016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Kynurenic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-2900000000-2c420ff1e596665270052016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Quadrupole Ion Trap, ESI+, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2022-02-11FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Quadrupole Ion Trap, ESI-, Adduct: [M-H]-)2022-02-11FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Quadrupole Ion Trap, ESI+, Adduct: [M+H]+)2022-02-11FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Brain
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Placenta
  • Prostate
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.023 +/- 0.010 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.03 +/- 0.007 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified<5.291 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.00106 +/- 0.00007 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.0040 +/- 0.00014 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.07 (0.06-0.08) uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.0019 (0.0017-0.0021) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.001 (0.0009-0.0011) uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified5.232 +/- 0.546 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.34 +/- 0.30 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
    • West Cadwell, N.J...
    • Basel, Switzerlan...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified16.508 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.73-1.1 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.53 (0.66-4.13) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.6 (0.8-4.2) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.62-0.86 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.94 (3.81-7.06) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
    • Analysis of 40 NI...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.6(0.9-4.1) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.80 +/- 0.40 uMAdult (>18 years old)Bothuremia details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal cancer details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.00133 +/- 0.00009 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleSchizophrenia details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.06 (0.06-0.07) uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Malaria
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified1.23 (0.18-8.40) uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Anemia
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.21 (0.2-0.3) uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Malaria
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.07 (0.0-34.1) uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Tuberculous meningitis
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.05 (0.02-0.10) uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Convulsions
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.05 (0.01-0.25) uMNot SpecifiedNot Specified
Malaria
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)BothCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedCrohns disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedUlcerative colitis details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)BothEnthesitis-related arthritis details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.881 +/- 0.513 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified20.976 +/- 3.813 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified117.043 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothBladder cancer details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal cancer details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer
details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Uremia
  1. Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [PubMed:22626821 ]
Malaria
  1. Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed:11865422 ]
  2. Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed:12964115 ]
Anemia
  1. Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed:12964115 ]
Tuberculous meningitis
  1. Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed:12964115 ]
Convulsion
  1. Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed:12964115 ]
Schizophrenia
  1. Nilsson-Todd LK, Nordin C, Jonsson EG, Skogh E, Erhardt S: Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid in male patients with schizophrenia - correlation with monoamine metabolites. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2007 Feb;19(1):45-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00170.x. [PubMed:26952797 ]
Crohn's disease
  1. Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Colorectal cancer
  1. Cheng Y, Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, Zou X, Zheng M, Tan B, Feng B, Dong T, He P, Zhao L, Zhao A, Xu LX, Zhang Y, Jia W: Distinct urinary metabolic profile of human colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1021/pr201001a. Epub 2011 Dec 28. [PubMed:22148915 ]
  2. Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ]
  3. Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
  4. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB11937
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB022200
KNApSAcK IDC00026453
Chemspider ID3712
KEGG Compound IDC01717
BioCyc IDKYNURENATE
BiGG ID38234
Wikipedia LinkKynurenic_acid
METLIN ID5683
PubChem Compound3845
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID18344
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDKYNATE
MarkerDB IDMDB00000232
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceStone, T. W. Development and therapeutic potential of kynurenic acid and kynurenine derivatives for neuroprotection. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (2000), 21(4), 149-154.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
  2. Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed:11865422 ]
  3. Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed:12964115 ]
  4. Heyes MP, Saito K, Crowley JS, Davis LE, Demitrack MA, Der M, Dilling LA, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Lackner A, et al.: Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease. Brain. 1992 Oct;115 ( Pt 5):1249-73. [PubMed:1422788 ]
  5. Parada-Turska J, Rzeski W, Zgrajka W, Majdan M, Kandefer-Szerszen M, Turski W: Kynurenic acid, an endogenous constituent of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid, inhibits proliferation of synoviocytes in vitro. Rheumatol Int. 2006 Mar;26(5):422-6. Epub 2005 Oct 12. [PubMed:16220290 ]
  6. Amirkhani A, Heldin E, Markides KE, Bergquist J: Quantitation of tryptophan, kynurenine and kynurenic acid in human plasma by capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Nov 25;780(2):381-7. [PubMed:12401365 ]
  7. Ilzecka J, Kocki T, Stelmasiak Z, Turski WA: Endogenous protectant kynurenic acid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 Jun;107(6):412-8. [PubMed:12757473 ]
  8. Bapurao S, Krishnaswamy K: Vitamin B6 nutritional status of pellagrins and their leucine tolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 May;31(5):819-24. [PubMed:206127 ]
  9. Nilsson LK, Nordin C, Jonsson EG, Engberg G, Linderholm KR, Erhardt S: Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid in male and female controls - correlation with monoamine metabolites and influences of confounding factors. J Psychiatr Res. 2007 Jan-Feb;41(1-2):144-51. Epub 2006 Jan 24. [PubMed:16434056 ]
  10. Milart P, Sikorski R: [Kynurenic acid concentration in blood and urine during normal pregnancy]. Ginekol Pol. 1998 Dec;69(12):968-73. [PubMed:10224760 ]
  11. Moroni F, Russi P, Lombardi G, Beni M, Carla V: Presence of kynurenic acid in the mammalian brain. J Neurochem. 1988 Jul;51(1):177-80. [PubMed:3379401 ]
  12. Turski WA, Nakamura M, Todd WP, Carpenter BK, Whetsell WO Jr, Schwarcz R: Identification and quantification of kynurenic acid in human brain tissue. Brain Res. 1988 Jun 28;454(1-2):164-9. [PubMed:3409000 ]
  13. Connick JH, Carla V, Moroni F, Stone TW: Increase in kynurenic acid in Huntington's disease motor cortex. J Neurochem. 1989 Mar;52(3):985-7. [PubMed:2521895 ]
  14. Swartz KJ, Matson WR, MacGarvey U, Ryan EA, Beal MF: Measurement of kynurenic acid in mammalian brain extracts and cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric and coulometric electrode array detection. Anal Biochem. 1990 Mar;185(2):363-76. [PubMed:2339792 ]
  15. Baran H, Cairns N, Lubec B, Lubec G: Increased kynurenic acid levels and decreased brain kynurenine aminotransferase I in patients with Down syndrome. Life Sci. 1996;58(21):1891-9. [PubMed:8637415 ]
  16. Beal MF, Matson WR, Storey E, Milbury P, Ryan EA, Ogawa T, Bird ED: Kynurenic acid concentrations are reduced in Huntington's disease cerebral cortex. J Neurol Sci. 1992 Mar;108(1):80-7. [PubMed:1385624 ]
  17. Kepplinger B, Baran H, Kainz A, Ferraz-Leite H, Newcombe J, Kalina P: Age-related increase of kynurenic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid - IgG and beta2-microglobulin changes. Neurosignals. 2005;14(3):126-35. [PubMed:16088227 ]
  18. Muller N, Schwarz M: Schizophrenia as an inflammation-mediated dysbalance of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Neurotox Res. 2006 Oct;10(2):131-48. [PubMed:17062375 ]
  19. Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [PubMed:22626821 ]
  20. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the irreversible transamination of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form kynurenic acid (KA). Metabolizes the cysteine conjugates of certain halogenated alkenes and alkanes to form reactive metabolites. Catalyzes the beta-elimination of S-conjugates and Se-conjugates of L-(seleno)cysteine, resulting in the cleavage of the C-S or C-Se bond.
Gene Name:
CCBL1
Uniprot ID:
Q16773
Molecular weight:
47874.765
General function:
Involved in transcription regulator activity
Specific function:
Ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Binds to the XRE promoter region of genes it activates. Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). Mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Involved in cell-cycle regulation. Likely to play an important role in the development and maturation of many tissues
Gene Name:
AHR
Uniprot ID:
P35869
Molecular weight:
96146.7
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups
Specific function:
Catalyzes the irreversible transamination of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form kynurenic acid (KA). May catalyze the beta-elimination of S-conjugates and Se-conjugates of L-(seleno)cysteine, resulting in the cleavage of the C-S or C-Se bond (By similarity). Has transaminase activity towards L-kynurenine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, serine, cysteine, methionine, histidine, glutamine and asparagine with glyoxylate as an amino group acceptor (in vitro). Has lower activity with 2-oxoglutarate as amino group acceptor (in vitro) (By similarity).
Gene Name:
CCBL2
Uniprot ID:
Q6YP21
Molecular weight:
51399.855