Entry Name Circadian entrainment - Bos taurus (cow)
Description Circadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhythms are synchronized to environmental cues. In mammals, a master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and may synchronize circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues. Light signal is the dominant synchronizer for master SCN clock. Downstream from the retina, glutamate and PACAP are released and trigger the activation of signal transduction cascades, including CamKII and nNOS activity, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Of non-photic entrainment, important phase shifting capabilities have been found for melatonin, which inhibits light-induced phase shifts through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC). Multiple entrainment pathways converge into CREB regulation. In turn, phosphorylated CREB activates clock gene expression.
Class Organismal Systems; Environmental adaptationBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Bos taurus (cow) [GN:
bta ]
Gene 100125276 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
100336579 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
281201 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
281202 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
281203 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
281204 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
281713 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870 ]
281790 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
281791 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
281792 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
281793 GNAS; SCG6 (secretogranin VI) isoform SCG6 precursor [KO:K04632 ]
281796 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
281797 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
281879 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960 ]
281985 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
282162 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
282411 CACNA1G; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G [KO:K04854 ]
282412 CACNA1H; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H isoform X1 [KO:K04855 ]
282413 CACNA1I; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I isoform X1 [KO:K04856 ]
286850 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
287018 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
287026 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
317697 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958 ]
319095 ADCYAP1R1; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor precursor [KO:K04587 ]
408013 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851 ]
408015 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
507449 RASD1; dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 [KO:K07843 ]
508888 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
511812 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
513340 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
515669 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
517006 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
520743 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
524212 GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A [KO:K05209 ]
525416 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
525962 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
526088 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
529425 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
530719 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
532713 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
535158 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C precursor [KO:K05211 ]
535365 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
536654 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
537804 GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B precursor [KO:K05210 ]
539521 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
539686 NOS1AP; carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein [KO:K16513 ]
539844 KCNJ5; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04999 ]
613930 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
614154 PER3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: period circadian protein homolog 3 [KO:K21945 ]
614283 GRIA2; glutamate receptor 2 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05198 ]
614969 KCNJ9; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 3 [KO:K05002 ]
615187 ADCYAP1; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide precursor [KO:K05262 ]
617412 CALML6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183 ]
618181 GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212 ]
618399 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
618470 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
Compound Reference Authors Brown TM, Piggins HD
Title Electrophysiology of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Dickson L, Finlayson K
Title VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE
Title Physiology of circadian entrainment.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Markowska M
Title Functional MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J
Title International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Hardeland R
Title Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Ferreyra GA, Agostino PV, Murad AD, Rubio MF, Pizzio GA, Katz ME, Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA
Title From light to genes: moving the hands of the circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Mertens I, Husson SJ, Janssen T, Lindemans M, Schoofs L
Title PACAP and PDF signaling in the regulation of mammalian and insect circadian rhythms.
Journal Reference Authors Kim DY, Choi HJ, Kim JS, Kim YS, Jeong DU, Shin HC, Kim MJ, Han HC, Hong SK, Kim YI
Title Voltage-gated calcium channels play crucial roles in the glutamate-induced phase shifts of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Agostino PV, Ferreyra GA, Murad AD, Watanabe Y, Golombek DA
Title Diurnal, circadian and photic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Journal Reference Authors Ferreyra GA, Golombek DA
Title Rhythmicity of the cGMP-related signal transduction pathway in the mammalian circadian system.
Journal Reference Authors Butcher GQ, Lee B, Cheng HY, Obrietan K
Title Light stimulates MSK1 activation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus via a PACAP-ERK/MAP kinase-dependent mechanism.
Journal Reference Authors Hamada T, Niki T, Ziging P, Sugiyama T, Watanabe S, Mikoshiba K, Ishida N
Title Differential expression patterns of inositol trisphosphate receptor types 1 and 3 in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Diaz-Munoz M, Dent MA, Granados-Fuentes D, Hall AC, Hernandez-Cruz A, Harrington ME, Aguilar-Roblero R
Title Circadian modulation of the ryanodine receptor type 2 in the SCN of rodents.
Journal Reference Authors Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH
Title Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON.
Journal Reference Authors Takahashi H, Umeda N, Tsutsumi Y, Fukumura R, Ohkaze H, Sujino M, van der Horst G, Yasui A, Inouye ST, Fujimori A, Ohhata T, Araki R, Abe M
Title Mouse dexamethasone-induced RAS protein 1 gene is expressed in a circadian rhythmic manner in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Cheng HY, Dziema H, Papp J, Mathur DP, Koletar M, Ralph MR, Penninger JM, Obrietan K
Title The molecular gatekeeper Dexras1 sculpts the photic responsiveness of the mammalian circadian clock.
Journal Related KO pathway 
