Entry Name Glutamatergic synapse - Bos taurus (cow)
Description Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic cleft, glutamate acts on postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate can also act on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and exert a variety of modulatory effects through their coupling to G proteins and the subsequent recruitment of second messenger systems. Presynaptically localized Group II and Group III mGluRs are thought to represent the classical inhibitory autoreceptor mechanism that suppresses excess glutamate release. After its action on these receptors, glutamate can be removed from the synaptic cleft by EAATs located either on the presynaptic terminal, neighboring glial cells, or the postsynaptic neuron. In glia, glutamate is converted to glutamine, which is then transported back to the presynaptic terminal and converted back to glutamate.
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Bos taurus (cow) [GN:
bta ]
Gene 100125276 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
100295209 GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A precursor [KO:K05213 ]
100336579 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
281201 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
281202 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
281203 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
281204 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
281790 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
281791 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
281792 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
281793 GNAS; SCG6 (secretogranin VI) isoform SCG6 precursor [KO:K04632 ]
281796 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
281797 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
281878 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959 ]
281879 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960 ]
281985 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
282100 TRPC1; short transient receptor potential channel 1 [KO:K04964 ]
282353 SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612 ]
282354 SLC1A3; excitatory amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K05614 ]
282648 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344 ]
286850 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
287018 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
287026 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
317697 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958 ]
326576 SLC38A3; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K13576 ]
338044 SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid symporter 2 [KO:K14207 ]
408013 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851 ]
408015 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
508888 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
511812 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
512397 LZTS3; leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 3 [KO:K26472 ]
512428 SHANK3; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 [KO:K15009 ]
513340 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
515669 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
517006 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
518849 SLC17A7; vesicular glutamate transporter 1 [KO:K12302 ]
518970 SHANK1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 [KO:K15009 ]
519904 GRM2; metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 precursor [KO:K04605 ]
523673 SLC1A7; excitatory amino acid transporter 5 [KO:K05618 ]
524212 GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A [KO:K05209 ]
525962 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
526088 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
526363 GRIK4; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4 precursor [KO:K05204 ]
527491 SLC38A1; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid symporter 1 [KO:K14990 ]
529425 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
529659 SLC17A8; vesicular glutamate transporter 3 [KO:K12302 ]
532553 GRIK3; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3 precursor [KO:K05203 ]
533527 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
533760 GRIK1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 [KO:K05201 ]
535158 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C precursor [KO:K05211 ]
535362 GRM7; metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 precursor [KO:K04609 ]
535365 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
536654 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
537698 GRIK5; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5 [KO:K05205 ]
537804 GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B precursor [KO:K05210 ]
538673 SLC1A6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 [KO:K05617 ]
539521 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
541056 GRM3; metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 precursor [KO:K04606 ]
541119 SLC1A2; excitatory amino acid transporter 2 isoform X2 [KO:K05613 ]
613930 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
614283 GRIA2; glutamate receptor 2 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05198 ]
615226 GRIK2; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2 [KO:K05202 ]
616000 GRIN3B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214 ]
618181 GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212 ]
618399 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
618470 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
618649 SHANK2; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15009 ]
790333 GRM4; metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04607 ]
790867 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Niswender CM, Conn PJ
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Ferraguti F, Crepaldi L, Nicoletti F
Title Metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: current concepts and perspectives.
Journal Reference Authors Hermans E, Challiss RA
Title Structural, signalling and regulatory properties of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: prototypic family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
Journal Reference Authors Meador-Woodruff JH, Clinton SM, Beneyto M, McCullumsmith RE
Title Molecular abnormalities of the glutamate synapse in the thalamus in schizophrenia.
Journal Reference Authors Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK
Title Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Gass JT, Olive MF
Title Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism.
Journal Reference Authors Palmada M, Centelles JJ
Title Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain.
Journal Reference Authors Schoepp DD
Title Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
Journal J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:12-20 (2001)
Reference Authors de Jong AP, Verhage M
Title Presynaptic signal transduction pathways that modulate synaptic transmission.
Journal Reference Authors Pinheiro PS, Mulle C
Title Presynaptic glutamate receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of action.
Journal Reference Authors Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Faden AI
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for multipotential treatment of neurological disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Conti F, Weinberg RJ
Title Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses.
Journal Reference Authors Sheng M, Kim MJ
Title Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms.
Journal Related KO pathway 
