KEGG   PATHWAY: cel04140
Entry
cel04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
cel04140  Autophagy - animal
cel04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) [GN:cel]
Gene
CELE_B0025.1  vps-34; Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
CELE_B0261.2  let-363; Target of rapamycin homolog [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_B0303.9  vps-33.1; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
CELE_B0334.8  age-1; Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase age-1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
CELE_B0336.8  lgg-3; Ubiquitin-like protein atg-12 [KO:K08336]
CELE_B0361.10  ykt-6; uncharacterized protein [KO:K08516]
CELE_B0478.1  jnk-1; Stress-activated protein kinase jnk-1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
CELE_B0513.9  vamp-8; V-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain-containing protein [KO:K08512]
CELE_B0545.1  tpa-1; Protein kinase C-like 1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
CELE_C03B1.12  lmp-1; LAMP family protein lmp-1 [KO:K06528]
CELE_C05D11.2  vps-16; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]
CELE_C10C5.6  daf-15; Raptor N-terminal CASPase-like domain-containing protein [KO:K07204]
CELE_C10H11.8  mlst-8; Target of rapamycin complex subunit lst8 [KO:K08266]
CELE_C12D8.10  akt-1; Serine/threonine-protein kinase akt-1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_C14F5.1  dct-1; NIP3 homolog [KO:K15464]
CELE_C25B8.3  cpr-6; Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase 6 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_C26H9A.2  wdfy-3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K22262]
CELE_C32D5.9  lgg-1; Protein lgg-1 [KO:K08341]
CELE_C39F7.4  rab-1; RAB family [KO:K07874]
CELE_C41C4.4  ire-1; Serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
CELE_C44C11.1  ras-1; R-RAS related [KO:K07830]
CELE_C52E4.1  cpr-1; Gut-specific cysteine proteinase [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_C54D1.3  ist-1; IRS-type PTB domain-containing protein [KO:K16172]
CELE_C56C10.12  epg-5; Ectopic P granules protein 5 [KO:K23883]
CELE_D1037.4  rab-8; Ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
CELE_D2007.5  atg-13; Autophagy-related protein 13 homolog [KO:K08331]
CELE_D2013.1  rab-39; Ras-related protein rab-39 [KO:K07925]
CELE_D2085.2  atg-10; Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 [KO:K17888]
CELE_F02E8.5  atg-16.1; Autophagic-related protein 16.1 [KO:K17890]
CELE_F17C8.4  ras-2; R-RAS related [KO:K07831]
CELE_F18A1.6  alfa-1; ALS/FTD Associated gene homolog [KO:K23609]
CELE_F25B5.4  ubq-1; Ubiquitin-related [KO:K08770]
CELE_F28H6.1  akt-2; Serine/threonine-protein kinase akt-2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_F32A6.3  vps-41; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog [KO:K20184]
CELE_F32H5.1  F32H5.1; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_F33D4.2  itr-1; Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor itr-1 [KO:K04958]
CELE_F34H10.1  F34H10.1; putative ribosomal protein F34H10.1 [KO:K02977]
CELE_F35A5.8  F35A5.8; SH3 domain-containing GRB2-like protein B1 [KO:K11248]
CELE_F36D3.9  cpr-2; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_F38A6.3  hif-1; Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 [KO:K08268]
CELE_F38H4.9  let-92; Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
CELE_F41E6.13  atg-18; Autophagy-related protein 18 [KO:K17908]
CELE_F43C1.2  mpk-1; Mitogen-activated protein kinase mpk-1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
CELE_F43D9.2  rab-33; Ras-related protein Rab-33 [KO:K07920]
CELE_F44C4.3  cpr-4; Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase 4 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_F46C3.1  pek-1; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase pek-1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_F52F12.3  mom-4; Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase mom-4 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
CELE_F54C8.5  rheb-1; GTP-binding protein Rheb homolog 1 [KO:K07208]
CELE_F57F5.1  cpr-9; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_H06I04.4  rps-27A; Ubiquitin-like protein 1 [KO:K02977]
CELE_H22K11.1  asp-3; Aspartic protease 3 [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
CELE_H42K12.1  pdk-1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_K02D10.5  snap-29; Soluble NSF attachment protein 29 [KO:K08509]
CELE_K06A1.5  atg-16.2; Autophagic-related protein 16.2 [KO:K17890]
CELE_K12C11.4  dapk-1; Death-associated protein kinase dapk-1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_M03A8.2  atg-2; Autophagy-related protein 2 [KO:K17906]
CELE_M7.5  atg-7; Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]
CELE_PAR2.3  aak-1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
CELE_R04A9.7  R04A9.7; Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_R06F6.2  vps-11; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog [KO:K20179]
CELE_R12H7.2  asp-4; Aspartic protease 4 [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
CELE_R144.5  smcr-8; Guanine nucleotide exchange protein smcr-8 [KO:K23611]
CELE_T01C8.1  aak-2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
CELE_T03E6.7  cpl-1; Cathepsin L-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
CELE_T07A9.3  kgb-1; GLH-binding kinase 1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
CELE_T07A9.6  daf-18; Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase daf-18 [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
CELE_T08A9.1  epg-7; Autophagy-related protein 11 C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K17589]
CELE_T08G5.5  vps-39; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 39 homolog [KO:K20183]
CELE_T10H4.12  cpr-3; Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase 3 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_T19E7.3  bec-1; Beclin homolog [KO:K08334]
CELE_T22H9.2  atg-9; Autophagy-related protein 9 [KO:K17907]
CELE_T24A11.1  mtm-3; Phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase MTMR3 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
CELE_T24F1.1  raga-1; GTP-binding protein [KO:K16185]
CELE_VF39H2L.1  syx-17; t-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain-containing protein [KO:K08491]
CELE_W03C9.3  rab-7; Ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
CELE_W06B4.3  vps-18; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
CELE_W07B8.1  cpr-8; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_W07B8.4  W07B8.4; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_W07B8.5  cpr-5; Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase 5 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
CELE_Y105C5A.24  Y105C5A.24; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
CELE_Y106G6A.2  epg-8; MRG domain-containing protein [KO:K17889]
CELE_Y110A7A.10  aap-1; SH2 domain-containing protein [KO:K02649]
CELE_Y24F12A.2  ragc-1; Ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]
CELE_Y34B4A.2  Y34B4A.2; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein-like [KO:K21249]
CELE_Y37D8A.22  epg-3; Ectopic P granules protein 3 [KO:K21248]
CELE_Y37E3.10  eif-2alpha; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
CELE_Y42H9AR.1  Y42H9AR.1; PDZ GRASP-type domain-containing protein [KO:K26797]
CELE_Y47D3A.16  rsks-1; Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_Y51H1A.2  cup-14; RUN domain-containing protein [KO:K23282]
CELE_Y54E10BL.6  mek-2; Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase mek-2 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
CELE_Y55F3AM.4  atg-3; Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
CELE_Y59A8B.14  par-4; Serine/threonine-protein kinase par-4 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_Y60A3A.1  unc-51; Serine/threonine-protein kinase unc-51 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_Y69A2AR.6  vamp-7; V-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain-containing protein [KO:K08512]
CELE_Y69A2AR.7  epg-9; Autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
CELE_Y71G12B.12  atg-5; Autophagy-related protein 5 [KO:K08339]
CELE_Y71H2B.3  ppfr-4; Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit ppfr-4 [KO:K17606]
CELE_Y81G3A.3  gcn-2; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase gcn-2 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
CELE_Y87G2A.3  atg-4.1; Cysteine protease atg-4.1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
CELE_ZC416.4  kgb-2; Stress-activated protein kinase JNK [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
CELE_ZK1010.1  ubq-2; Ubiquitin [KO:K02927]
CELE_ZK593.6  lgg-2; Protein lgg-2 [KO:K10435]
CELE_ZK792.6  let-60; Ras protein let-60 [KO:K07827]
CELE_ZK792.8  atg-4.2; Cysteine protease atg-4.2 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
CELE_ZK909.2  kin-1; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
CELE_ZK930.1  vps-15; non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
cel04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
cel04142  Lysosome
cel04150  mTOR signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   

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