KEGG PATHWAY: cel04140

KEGG

PATHWAY: cel04140

Entry

cel04140                    Pathway

Name

Autophagy - animal - Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)

Description

Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.

Class

Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism

Pathway map

Autophagy - animal

Other DBs

GO:

Organism

Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) [GN:cel]

Gene

ist-1; IRS-type PTB domain-containing protein [KO:K16172]

age-1; Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase age-1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]

CELE_Y110A7A.10

aap-1; SH2 domain-containing protein [KO:K02649]

pdk-1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]

akt-2; Serine/threonine-protein kinase akt-2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]

akt-1; Serine/threonine-protein kinase akt-1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]

daf-18; Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase daf-18 [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]

let-60; Ras protein let-60 [KO:K07827]

ras-2; R-RAS related [KO:K07831]

ras-1; R-RAS related [KO:K07830]

CELE_Y54E10BL.6

mek-2; Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase mek-2 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]

mpk-1; Mitogen-activated protein kinase mpk-1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]

hif-1; Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 [KO:K08268]

dct-1; NIP3 homolog [KO:K15464]

rheb-1; GTP-binding protein Rheb homolog 1 [KO:K07208]

daf-15; Raptor N-terminal CASPase-like domain-containing protein [KO:K07204]

let-363; Target of rapamycin homolog [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]

mlst-8; Target of rapamycin complex subunit lst8 [KO:K08266]

R04A9.7; Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]

rsks-1; Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]

ppfr-4; Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit ppfr-4 [KO:K17606]

let-92; Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]

unc-51; Serine/threonine-protein kinase unc-51 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]

atg-13; Autophagy-related protein 13 homolog [KO:K08331]

epg-9; Autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]

epg-7; Autophagy-related protein 11 C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K17589]

atg-2; Autophagy-related protein 2 [KO:K17906]

atg-18; Autophagy-related protein 18 [KO:K17908]

atg-9; Autophagy-related protein 9 [KO:K17907]

smcr-8; Guanine nucleotide exchange protein smcr-8 [KO:K23611]

alfa-1; ALS/FTD Associated gene homolog [KO:K23609]

rab-8; Ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]

rab-39; Ras-related protein rab-39 [KO:K07925]

rab-1; RAB family [KO:K07874]

raga-1; GTP-binding protein [KO:K16185]

ragc-1; Ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]

par-4; Serine/threonine-protein kinase par-4 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]

aak-2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]

aak-1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]

kin-1; Protein kinase domain-containing protein [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]

tpa-1; Protein kinase C-like 1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]

jnk-1; Stress-activated protein kinase jnk-1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]

kgb-1; GLH-binding kinase 1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]

kgb-2; Stress-activated protein kinase JNK [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]

bec-1; Beclin homolog [KO:K08334]

vps-15; non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]

vps-34; Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]

epg-8; MRG domain-containing protein [KO:K17889]

epg-3; Ectopic P granules protein 3 [KO:K21248]

syx-17; t-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain-containing protein [KO:K08491]

Y34B4A.2; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein-like [KO:K21249]

F35A5.8; SH3 domain-containing GRB2-like protein B1 [KO:K11248]

CELE_Y105C5A.24

Y105C5A.24; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]

mom-4; Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase mom-4 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]

ire-1; Serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]

itr-1; Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor itr-1 [KO:K04958]

dapk-1; Death-associated protein kinase dapk-1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]

pek-1; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase pek-1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]

gcn-2; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase gcn-2 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]

eif-2alpha; Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]

mtm-3; Myotubularin-related protein 3 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]

lgg-3; Ubiquitin-like protein atg-12 [KO:K08336]

CELE_Y71G12B.12

atg-5; Autophagy-related protein 5 [KO:K08339]

atg-16.1; Autophagic-related protein 16.1 [KO:K17890]

atg-16.2; Autophagic-related protein 16.2 [KO:K17890]

atg-7; Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]

atg-10; Autophagy_act_C domain-containing protein [KO:K17888]

atg-3; Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]

rab-33; Ras-related protein Rab-33 [KO:K07920]

lgg-1; Protein lgg-1 [KO:K08341]

lgg-2; Protein lgg-2 [KO:K10435]

atg-4.1; Cysteine protease atg-4.1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]

atg-4.2; Cysteine protease atg-4.2 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]

wdfy-3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K22262]

ubq-2; Ubiquitin [KO:K02927]

F34H10.1; putative ribosomal protein F34H10.1 [KO:K02977]

ubl-1; Ubiquitin-like protein 1 [KO:K02977]

ubq-1; Ubiquitin-related [KO:K08770]

snap-29; Soluble NSF attachment protein 29 [KO:K08509]

vamp-8; V-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain-containing protein [KO:K08512]

vamp-7; V-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain-containing protein [KO:K08512]

ykt-6; uncharacterized protein [KO:K08516]

epg-5; Ectopic P granules protein 5 [KO:K23883]

cup-14; RUN domain-containing protein [KO:K23282]

vps-11; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog [KO:K20179]

vps-16; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]

vps-18; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]

vps-33.1; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]

vps-39; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 39 homolog [KO:K20183]

vps-41; Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog [KO:K20184]

Y42H9AR.1; PDZ GRASP-type domain-containing protein [KO:K26797]

rab-7; Ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]

lmp-1; LAMP family protein lmp-1 [KO:K06528]

asp-4; Aspartic protease 4 [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]

asp-3; Aspartic protease 3 [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]

cpl-1; Cathepsin L-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]

cpr-1; Gut-specific cysteine proteinase [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

cpr-3; Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase 3 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

cpr-4; Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase 4 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

F32H5.1; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

cpr-8; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

W07B8.4; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

cpr-5; Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase 5 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

cpr-2; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

cpr-9; Peptidase C1A papain C-terminal domain-containing protein [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

cpr-6; Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase 6 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

Compound

GDP

GTP

Phosphatidylethanolamine

1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol

1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate

Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate

Reference

Authors

Meijer AJ, Codogno P.

Title

Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.

Journal

Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002

Reference

Authors

Deretic V.

Title

Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.

Journal

Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003

Reference

Authors

Levine B, Yuan J.

Title

Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?

Journal

J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390

Reference

Authors

Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.

Title

LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.

Journal

Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009

Reference

Authors

Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.

Title

Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.

Journal

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660

Reference

Authors

Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.

Title

Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?

Journal

Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007

Reference

Authors

Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.

Title

Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.

Journal

Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717

Reference

Authors

Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.

Title

Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.

Journal

Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029

Reference

Authors

He C, Klionsky DJ

Title

Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.

Journal

Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910

Reference

Authors

Yang Z, Klionsky DJ

Title

An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.

Journal

Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1

Reference

Authors

Yang Z, Klionsky DJ

Title

Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.

Journal

Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014

Reference

Authors

Chen Y, Klionsky DJ

Title

The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.

Journal

J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576

Reference

Authors

Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y

Title

The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.

Journal

Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005

Reference

Authors

Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL

Title

Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.

Journal

Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166

Reference

Authors

Noda NN, Fujioka Y

Title

Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.

Journal

Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z

Related
pathway

MAPK signaling pathway

Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

mTOR signaling pathway

KO pathway

LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system