KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa04210
Entry
hsa04210                    Pathway                                
Name
Apoptosis - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
hsa04210  Apoptosis
hsa04210

Network
nt06161  Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)
nt06162  Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
nt06163  Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
nt06164  Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)
nt06165  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
nt06166  Human papillomavirus (HPV)
nt06167  Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
nt06168  Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)
nt06170  Influenza A virus (IAV)
nt06231  Apoptosis (cancer)
nt06260  Colorectal cancer
nt06263  Hepatocellular carcinoma
nt06267  Small cell lung cancer
nt06460  Alzheimer disease
nt06461  Huntington disease
nt06462  Spinocerebellar ataxia
nt06463  Parkinson disease
nt06464  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
nt06465  Prion disease
nt06466  Pathways of neurodegeneration
nt06516  TNF signaling
nt06524  Apoptosis
nt06528  Calcium signaling
  Element
N00098  Intrinsic apoptotic pathway
N00145  Extrinsic apoptotic pathway
N00146  Crosstalk between extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways
N00984  mGluR5-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01056  FAS-JNK signaling pathway
Drug
D00742  Etanercept (USAN/INN)
D02597  Adalimumab (USAN/INN)
D02598  Infliximab (USAN/INN)
D03441  Certolizumab pegol (USAN/INN)
D03645  Daniplestim (USAN/INN)
D04358  Golimumab (USAN/INN)
D04687  Lenalidomide (JAN/USAN/INN)
D04858  Mapatumumab (USAN/INN)
D05146  Nerelimomab (USAN/INN)
D05216  Oblimersen sodium (USAN)
D06634  Relacatib (USAN/INN)
D07436  Afelimomab (INN)
D08290  Oblimersen (INN)
D08954  Obatoclax mesylate (USAN)
D08976  Pomalidomide (JAN/USAN/INN)
D09692  Veliparib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D09730  Olaparib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D09813  Lenalidomide hydrate (JAN)
D09888  Drozitumab (USAN/INN)
D09907  Fulranumab (USAN/INN)
D09913  Iniparib (USAN/INN)
D10079  Rucaparib (USAN/INN)
D10140  Niraparib (USAN)
D10157  Rucaparib phosphate (USAN)
D10381  Afuresertib (USAN/INN)
D10382  Afuresertib hydrochloride (USAN)
D10560  Idelalisib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D10679  Venetoclax (JAN/USAN/INN)
D10732  Talazoparib (USAN/INN)
D10733  Talazoparib tosylate (USAN)
D10982  Rucaparib camsylate (USAN)
D10988  Selonsertib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D11195  Rimiducid (USAN/INN)
D11358  Tagraxofusp (USAN/INN)
D11426  Pamiparib (USAN/INN)
D11895  Niraparib tosylate (USAN)
D11962  Murizatoclax (USAN/INN)
D11963  Tapotoclax (USAN/INN)
D12120  Brensocatib (USAN/INN)
D12352  Eclitasertib (USAN/INN)
D12458  Ozekibart (USAN)
D12565  Xevinapant (JAN/USAN/INN)
D12746  Brensocatib hydrate (JAN)
D12821  Flizasertib (USAN/INN)
D12846  Ocadusertib (USAN)
D12883  Sonrotoclax (USAN/INN)
D12940  Oditrasertib (USAN/INN)
D12981  Saruparib (USAN/INN)
D13010  Lartesertib (USAN/INN)
D13082  Surzetoclax (USAN/INN)
Other DBs
GO: 0006915
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
10000  AKT3; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
10018  BCL2L11; BCL2 like 11 [KO:K16341]
10038  PARP2; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 [KO:K28005]
10039  PARP3; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 3 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.-]
100506742  CASP12; caspase 12 (gene/pseudogene) [KO:K04741] [EC:3.4.22.-]
10376  TUBA1B; tubulin alpha 1b [KO:K07374]
1075  CTSC; cathepsin C [KO:K01275] [EC:3.4.14.1]
10912  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma [KO:K04402]
110117499  P3R3URF-PIK3R3; P3R3URF-PIK3R3 readthrough [KO:K02649]
112714  TUBA3E; tubulin alpha 3e [KO:K07374]
113457  TUBA3D; tubulin alpha 3d [KO:K07374]
1147  CHUK; component of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
142  PARP1; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 [KO:K24070]
143  PARP4; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 4 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.-]
1439  CSF2RB; colony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit beta [KO:K04738]
1508  CTSB; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
1509  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
1512  CTSH; cathepsin H [KO:K01366] [EC:3.4.22.16]
1513  CTSK; cathepsin K [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
1514  CTSL; cathepsin L [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
1515  CTSV; cathepsin V [KO:K01375] [EC:3.4.22.43]
1519  CTSO; cathepsin O [KO:K01374] [EC:3.4.22.42]
1520  CTSS; cathepsin S [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
1521  CTSW; cathepsin W [KO:K08569] [EC:3.4.22.-]
1522  CTSZ; cathepsin Z [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
153090  DAB2IP; DAB2 interacting protein [KO:K19901]
1616  DAXX; death domain associated protein [KO:K02308]
1647  GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha [KO:K04402]
1649  DDIT3; DNA damage inducible transcript 3 [KO:K04452]
1676  DFFA; DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha [KO:K02310]
1677  DFFB; DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta [KO:K02311] [EC:3.-.-.-]
1965  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha [KO:K03237]
2021  ENDOG; endonuclease G [KO:K01173]
207  AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
208  AKT2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
2081  ERN1; endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
2353  FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379]
27113  BBC3; BCL2 binding component 3 [KO:K10132]
27429  HTRA2; HtrA serine peptidase 2 [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
3002  GZMB; granzyme B [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
317  APAF1; apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 [KO:K02084]
3265  HRAS; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833]
329  BIRC2; baculoviral IAP repeat containing 2 [KO:K16060]
330  BIRC3; baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 [KO:K16060]
331  XIAP; X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
332  BIRC5; baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 [KO:K08731]
355  FAS; Fas cell surface death receptor [KO:K04390]
3551  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
356  FASLG; Fas ligand [KO:K04389]
3562  IL3; interleukin 3 [KO:K04736]
3563  IL3RA; interleukin 3 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K04737]
3708  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
3709  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
3710  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
3725  JUN; Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04448]
3845  KRAS; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827]
4000  LMNA; lamin A/C [KO:K12641]
4001  LMNB1; lamin B1 [KO:K07611]
4170  MCL1; MCL1 apoptosis regulator, BCL2 family member [KO:K02539]
4217  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
4616  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta [KO:K04402]
468  ATF4; activating transcription factor 4 [KO:K04374]
472  ATM; ATM serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
4790  NFKB1; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 [KO:K02580]
4792  NFKBIA; NFKB inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
4803  NGF; nerve growth factor [KO:K02582]
4893  NRAS; NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07828]
4914  NTRK1; neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1 [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
5170  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
51807  TUBA8; tubulin alpha 8 [KO:K07374]
5290  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5293  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5295  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
5296  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
5366  PMAIP1; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 [KO:K10131]
5414  SEPTIN4; septin 4 [KO:K16943]
54205  CYCS; cytochrome c, somatic [KO:K08738]
55367  PIDD1; p53-induced death domain protein 1 [KO:K10130]
5551  PRF1; perforin 1 [KO:K07818]
5594  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5595  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5599  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5601  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5602  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5604  MAP2K1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5605  MAP2K2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
56616  DIABLO; diablo IAP-binding mitochondrial protein [KO:K10522]
572  BAD; BCL2 associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
578  BAK1; BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 [KO:K14021]
5783  PTPN13; protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 13 [KO:K02374]
581  BAX; BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator [KO:K02159]
5894  RAF1; Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
596  BCL2; BCL2 apoptosis regulator [KO:K02161]
597  BCL2A1; BCL2 related protein A1 [KO:K02162]
5970  RELA; RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit [KO:K04735]
598  BCL2L1; BCL2 like 1 [KO:K04570]
60  ACTB; actin beta [KO:K05692]
637  BID; BH3 interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726]
63970  TP53AIP1; tumor protein p53 regulated apoptosis inducing protein 1 [KO:K13773]
6709  SPTAN1; spectrin alpha, non-erythrocytic 1 [KO:K06114]
71  ACTG1; actin gamma 1 [KO:K05692]
7124  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
7132  TNFRSF1A; TNF receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
7157  TP53; tumor protein p53 [KO:K04451]
7185  TRAF1; TNF receptor associated factor 1 [KO:K03172]
7186  TRAF2; TNF receptor associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
7277  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha 4a [KO:K07374]
7278  TUBA3C; tubulin alpha 3c [KO:K07374]
7846  TUBA1A; tubulin alpha 1a [KO:K07374]
79861  TUBAL3; tubulin alpha like 3 [KO:K07374]
823  CAPN1; calpain 1 [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
824  CAPN2; calpain 2 [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
835  CASP2; caspase 2 [KO:K02186] [EC:3.4.22.55]
836  CASP3; caspase 3 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
839  CASP6; caspase 6 [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
840  CASP7; caspase 7 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
841  CASP8; caspase 8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
842  CASP9; caspase 9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
843  CASP10; caspase 10 [KO:K04400] [EC:3.4.22.63]
84790  TUBA1C; tubulin alpha 1c [KO:K07374]
84823  LMNB2; lamin B2 [KO:K07611]
8503  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
8517  IKBKG; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K07210]
8717  TRADD; TNFRSF1A associated via death domain [KO:K03171]
8722  CTSF; cathepsin F [KO:K01373] [EC:3.4.22.41]
8737  RIPK1; receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
8739  HRK; harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein [KO:K02512]
8743  TNFSF10; TNF superfamily member 10 [KO:K04721]
8772  FADD; Fas associated via death domain [KO:K02373]
8795  TNFRSF10B; TNF receptor superfamily member 10b [KO:K04722]
8797  TNFRSF10A; TNF receptor superfamily member 10a [KO:K04722]
8837  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724]
8996  NOL3; nucleolar protein 3 [KO:K28177]
9020  MAP3K14; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
9131  AIFM1; apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1 [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
9451  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:26615431
  Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
  Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 80:1393-417 (2015)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297915110012
Reference
PMID:23803157
  Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
  Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 11:44 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-11-44
Reference
PMID:15654015
  Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
  Title
Death receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:265-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.01610
Reference
PMID:15725726
  Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
  Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Ther 4:139-63 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cbt.4.2.1508
Reference
PMID:15322527
  Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
  Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 5:686-700 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1477
Reference
PMID:12838338
  Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
  Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1150
Reference
PMID:19148180
  Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
  Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:144-55 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2071
Reference
PMID:22429822
  Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
  Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
  Journal
Cell Prolif 45:217-24 (2012)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00814.x
Reference
PMID:25526085
  Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
  Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:526-39 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.216
Reference
PMID:15601572
  Authors
Philchenkov A
  Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 8:432-44 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
Reference
PMID:9894605
  Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
  Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 5:997-1000 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400451
Reference
PMID:23070002
  Authors
Safa AR
  Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
  Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
PMID:18304445
  Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
  Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 41:11-22 (2008)
DOI:10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.011
Reference
PMID:20533903
  Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
  Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
  Journal
Essays Biochem 47:99-114 (2010)
DOI:10.1042/bse0470099
Reference
PMID:15719025
  Authors
Strasser A
  Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:189-200 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1568
Reference
PMID:24278747
  Authors
Schonthal AH
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
  Journal
Scientifica (Cairo) 2012:857516 (2012)
DOI:10.6064/2012/857516
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18023214
  Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
  Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:716-31 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.003
Reference
PMID:16397578
  Authors
Wu J, Kaufman RJ
  Title
From acute ER stress to physiological roles of the Unfolded Protein Response.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 13:374-84 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401840
Reference
PMID:21914490
  Authors
Repnik U, Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1824:22-33 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.016
Reference
PMID:22465226
  Authors
Cesen MH, Pegan K, Spes A, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomal pathways to cell death and their therapeutic applications.
  Journal
Exp Cell Res 318:1245-51 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.005
Reference
PMID:26231733
  Authors
Dashzeveg N, Yoshida K
  Title
Cell death decision by p53 via control of the mitochondrial membrane.
  Journal
Cancer Lett 367:108-12 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.019
Reference
PMID:22075987
  Authors
Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR
  Title
Caspase-2: the orphan caspase.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 19:51-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.157
Reference
PMID:18238895
  Authors
Baptiste-Okoh N, Barsotti AM, Prives C
  Title
A role for caspase 2 and PIDD in the process of p53-mediated apoptosis.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1937-42 (2008)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0711800105
Reference
PMID:12949498
  Authors
Aggarwal BB
  Title
Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 3:745-56 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nri1184
Reference
PMID:14737178
  Authors
Steelman LS, Pohnert SC, Shelton JG, Franklin RA, Bertrand FE, McCubrey JA.
  Title
JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis.
  Journal
Leukemia 18:189-218 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/sj.leu.2403241
Reference
PMID:9916983
  Authors
Dragovich T, Rudin CM, Thompson CB
  Title
Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death.
  Journal
Oncogene 17:3207-13 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1202587
Reference
PMID:11520933
  Authors
Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC
  Title
Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair.
  Journal
Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1217-81 (2001)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1217
Reference
PMID:24769728
  Authors
Kristiansen M, Ham J
  Title
Programmed cell death during neuronal development: the sympathetic neuron model.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 21:1025-35 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.47
Reference
PMID:18208375
  Authors
Logue SE, Martin SJ
  Title
Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochem Soc Trans 36:1-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1042/BST0360001
Reference
PMID:19770840
  Authors
Boivin WA, Cooper DM, Hiebert PR, Granville DJ
  Title
Intracellular versus extracellular granzyme B in immunity and disease: challenging the dogma.
  Journal
Lab Invest 89:1195-220 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/labinvest.2009.91
Reference
PMID:20075940
  Authors
Cullen SP, Brunet M, Martin SJ
  Title
Granzymes in cancer and immunity.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 17:616-23 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2009.206
Reference
PMID:36652128
  Authors
Liu K, Lan D, Li C, Liu S, Dai X, Song T, Wang X, Kong Q, He Z, Tan J, Zhang J
  Title
A double-edged sword: role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in tumorigenesis and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
  Journal
Apoptosis 28:313-325 (2023)
DOI:10.1007/s10495-022-01802-4
Related
pathway
hsa04010  MAPK signaling pathway
hsa04020  Calcium signaling pathway
hsa04064  NF-kappa B signaling pathway
hsa04115  p53 signaling pathway
hsa04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
hsa04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
hsa04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
hsa04668  TNF signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04210   

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