Entry
Name
Amphetamine addiction - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Amphetamine is a psychostimulant drug that exerts persistent addictive effects. Most addictive drugs increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), projection areas of mesocorticolimbic DA neurons and key components of the "brain reward circuit". Amphetamine achieves this elevation in extracellular levels of DA by promoting efflux from synaptic terminals. Acute administration of amphetamine induces phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and expression of a number of immediate early genes (IEGs), such as c-fos. The IEGs is likely to initiate downstream molecular events, which may have important roles in the induction and maintenance of addictive states. Chronic exposure to amphetamine induces a unique transcription factor delta FosB, which plays an essential role in long-term adaptive changes in the brain.
Class
Human Diseases; Substance dependence
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Drug
D02074 Amphetamine sulfate (USP)
D02078 Dextroamphetamine sulfate (USP)
D02242 Methamphetamine hydrochloride (JP18/USP)
D03740 Dextroamphetamine (USAN)
D11622 Amphetamine aspartate monohydrate
D11623 Dextroamphetamine saccharate
Other DBs
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:
hsa ]
Gene
6570 SLC18A1; solute carrier family 18 member A1 [KO:K08155 ]
6571 SLC18A2; solute carrier family 18 member A2 [KO:K08155 ]
6531 SLC6A3; solute carrier family 6 member 3 [KO:K05036 ]
775 CACNA1C; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C [KO:K04850 ]
776 CACNA1D; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D [KO:K04851 ]
2902 GRIN1; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1 [KO:K05208 ]
2903 GRIN2A; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A [KO:K05209 ]
2904 GRIN2B; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B [KO:K05210 ]
2905 GRIN2C; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2C [KO:K05211 ]
2906 GRIN2D; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2D [KO:K05212 ]
116443 GRIN3A; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3A [KO:K05213 ]
116444 GRIN3B; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3B [KO:K05214 ]
2890 GRIA1; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 [KO:K05197 ]
2891 GRIA2; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 [KO:K05198 ]
2892 GRIA3; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 3 [KO:K05199 ]
2893 GRIA4; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 4 [KO:K05200 ]
815 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II alpha [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
817 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
816 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
818 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
84152 PPP1R1B; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B [KO:K15494 ]
1385 CREB1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 [KO:K05870 ]
1386 ATF2; activating transcription factor 2 [KO:K04450 ]
468 ATF4; activating transcription factor 4 [KO:K04374 ]
10488 CREB3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
90993 CREB3L1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 [KO:K09048 ]
64764 CREB3L2; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2 [KO:K09048 ]
84699 CREB3L3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 3 [KO:K09048 ]
148327 CREB3L4; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 4 [KO:K09048 ]
9586 CREB5; cAMP responsive element binding protein 5 [KO:K09047 ]
1388 ATF6B; activating transcription factor 6 beta [KO:K09049 ]
23237 ARC; activity regulated cytoskeleton associated protein [KO:K15867 ]
2353 FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379 ]
5534 PPP3R1; protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B, alpha [KO:K06268 ]
5535 PPP3R2; protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit B, beta [KO:K06268 ]
3725 JUN; Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04448 ]
2354 FOSB; FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K09029 ]
Compound
C00355 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
C01161 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate
Reference
Authors
Rajadhyaksha AM, Kosofsky BE
Title
Psychostimulants, Protein phosphorylation and Gene expression: a growing role of L-type calcium channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cunha-Oliveira T, Rego AC, Oliveira CR
Title
Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity of opioid and psychostimulant drugs.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ
Title
Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rajadhyaksha AM, Kosofsky BE
Title
Psychostimulants, L-type calcium channels, kinases, and phosphatases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dudman JT, Eaton ME, Rajadhyaksha A, Macias W, Taher M, Barczak A, Kameyama K, Huganir R, Konradi C
Title
Dopamine D1 receptors mediate CREB phosphorylation via phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor at Ser897-NR1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rajadhyaksha A, Barczak A, Macias W, Leveque JC, Lewis SE, Konradi C
Title
L-Type Ca(2+) channels are essential for glutamate-mediated CREB phosphorylation and c-fos gene expression in striatal neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Konradi C, Leveque JC, Hyman SE
Title
Amphetamine and dopamine-induced immediate early gene expression in striatal neurons depends on postsynaptic NMDA receptors and calcium.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Berke JD, Hyman SE
Title
Addiction, dopamine, and the molecular mechanisms of memory.
Journal
Reference
Authors
McClung CA, Nestler EJ
Title
Neuroplasticity mediated by altered gene expression.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chao J, Nestler EJ
Title
Molecular neurobiology of drug addiction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Robertson SD, Matthies HJ, Galli A
Title
A closer look at amphetamine-induced reverse transport and trafficking of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Binda F, Dipace C, Bowton E, Robertson SD, Lute BJ, Fog JU, Zhang M, Sen N, Colbran RJ, Gnegy ME, Gether U, Javitch JA, Erreger K, Galli A
Title
Syntaxin 1A interaction with the dopamine transporter promotes amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sulzer D
Title
How addictive drugs disrupt presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hyman SE
Title
Addiction to cocaine and amphetamine.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Renthal W, Carle TL, Maze I, Covington HE 3rd, Truong HT, Alibhai I, Kumar A, Montgomery RL, Olson EN, Nestler EJ
Title
Delta FosB mediates epigenetic desensitization of the c-fos gene after chronic amphetamine exposure.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Robison AJ, Nestler EJ
Title
Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Snyder GL, Galdi S, Fienberg AA, Allen P, Nairn AC, Greengard P
Title
Regulation of AMPA receptor dephosphorylation by glutamate receptor agonists.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Banerjee PS, Aston J, Khundakar AA, Zetterstrom TS
Title
Differential regulation of psychostimulant-induced gene expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor and the immediate-early gene Arc in the juvenile and adult brain.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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