KEGG   PATHWAY: mmu05171
Entry
mmu05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Mus musculus (house mouse)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
mmu05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
mmu05171

Organism
Mus musculus (house mouse) [GN:mmu]
Gene
50528  Tmprss2; transmembrane protease, serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
70008  Ace2; angiotensin converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
18186  Nrp1; neuropilin 1 [KO:K06724]
11421  Ace; angiotensin I converting enzyme [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
217246  Ace3; angiotensin I converting enzyme 3 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
17171  Mas1; MAS1 oncogene [KO:K04303]
11607  Agtr1a; angiotensin II receptor, type 1a [KO:K04166]
11608  Agtr1b; angiotensin II receptor, type 1b [KO:K04166]
13058  Cybb; cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
18033  Nfkb1; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105 [KO:K02580]
19697  Rela; v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian) [KO:K04735]
21926  Tnf; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
16193  Il6; interleukin 6 [KO:K05405]
16176  Il1b; interleukin 1 beta [KO:K04519]
16159  Il12a; interleukin 12a [KO:K05406]
16160  Il12b; interleukin 12b [KO:K05425]
17392  Mmp3; matrix metallopeptidase 3 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
83995  Mmp1a; matrix metallopeptidase 1a (interstitial collagenase) [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
83996  Mmp1b; matrix metallopeptidase 1b (interstitial collagenase) [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
20296  Ccl2; C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 [KO:K14624]
20293  Ccl12; C-C motif chemokine ligand 12 [KO:K14624]
11491  Adam17; a disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 17 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
21937  Tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a [KO:K03158]
18035  Nfkbia; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha [KO:K04734]
18036  Nfkbib; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, beta [KO:K02581]
15200  Hbegf; heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
13649  Egfr; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
16194  Il6ra; interleukin 6 receptor, alpha [KO:K05055]
16195  Il6st; interleukin 6 signal transducer [KO:K05060]
16451  Jak1; Janus kinase 1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
54721  Tyk2; tyrosine kinase 2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
20848  Stat3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [KO:K04692]
16183  Il2; interleukin 2 [KO:K05429]
12985  Csf3; colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) [KO:K05423]
12981  Csf2; colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) [KO:K05427]
15945  Cxcl10; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 [KO:K12671]
16898  Rps2; ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
108167548  Gm45855; predicted gene 45855 [KO:K02981]
108169072  Gm6139; predicted gene 6139 [KO:K02981]
108169197  Gm10420; predicted gene 10420 [KO:K02981]
108167553  Gm50601; predicted gene, 50601 [KO:K02981]
27050  Rps3; ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
20091  Rps3a1; ribosomal protein S3A1 [KO:K02984]
20102  Rps4x; ribosomal protein S4, X-linked [KO:K02987]
20103  Rps5; ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
20104  Rps6; ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
216036  Gm4796; predicted gene 4796 [KO:K02991]
20115  Rps7; ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
20116  Rps8; ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
100040298  Gm15501; predicted pseudogene 15501 [KO:K02995]
76846  Rps9; ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
67097  Rps10; ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
27207  Rps11; ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
20042  Rps12; ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
237433  Gm4925; predicted gene 4925 [KO:K02951]
670832  Rps12-ps10; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 10 [KO:K02951]
100862223  Gm21571; predicted gene, 21571 [KO:K02951]
434843  Rps12-ps11; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 11 [KO:K02951]
665463  Rps12-ps12; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 12 [KO:K02951]
665522  Rps12-ps15; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 15 [KO:K02951]
665579  Rps12-ps13; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 13 [KO:K02951]
665611  Rps12-ps14; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 14 [KO:K02951]
626048  Rps12-ps16; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 16 [KO:K02951]
100038969  Rps12-ps18; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 18 [KO:K02951]
671641  Rps12-ps24; ribosomal protein S12, pseudogene 24 [KO:K02951]
68052  Rps13; ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
100043695  Gm15483; predicted gene 15483 [KO:K02953]
20044  Rps14; ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
20054  Rps15; ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
267019  Rps15a; ribosomal protein S15A [KO:K02957]
100042335  Rps15a-ps5; ribosomal protein S15A, pseudogene 5 [KO:K02957]
20055  Rps16; ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
20068  Rps17; ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
383032  Gm5215; predicted gene 5215 [KO:K02962]
20084  Rps18; ribosomal protein S18 [KO:K02964]
20085  Rps19; ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
67427  Rps20; ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
66481  Rps21; ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
108168211  Gm46494; predicted gene, 46494 [KO:K02971]
108168279  Gm46546; predicted gene, 46546 [KO:K02971]
66475  Rps23; ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
667414  Gm8618; predicted gene 8618 [KO:K02973]
668809  Gm9372; predicted gene 9372 [KO:K02973]
20088  Rps24; ribosomal protein S24 [KO:K02974]
225058  Gm4832; predicted gene 4832 [KO:K02974]
118568281  40S ribosomal protein S24-like [KO:K02974]
75617  Rps25; ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
629595  Gm6988; predicted gene 6988 [KO:K02975]
243302  Gm4963; predicted gene 4963 [KO:K02975]
108169000  Gm12643; predicted gene 12643 [KO:K02975]
27370  Rps26; ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
67941  Rps27l; ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
57294  Rps27; ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
100043813  Rps27rt; ribosomal protein S27, retrogene [KO:K02978]
108168462  Gm14577; predicted gene 14577 [KO:K02978]
78294  Rps27a; ribosomal protein S27A [KO:K02977]
102631952  Gm5928; predicted gene 5928 [KO:K02977]
54127  Rps28; ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
20090  Rps29; ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
108169156  Gm44803; predicted gene 44803 [KO:K02980]
108169117  Gm6272; predicted pseudogene 6272 [KO:K02980]
108167695  Gm20620; predicted gene 20620 [KO:K02980]
14109  Fau; FAU ubiquitin like and ribosomal protein S30 fusion [KO:K02983]
16785  Rpsa; ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
27367  Rpl3; ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
66211  Rpl3l; ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
433745  Gm12816; predicted gene 12816 [KO:K02925]
67891  Rpl4; ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
100503670  Rpl5; ribosomal protein L5 [KO:K02932]
19988  Rpl6; ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
432502  Rpl6l; ribosomal protein L6-like [KO:K02934]
19989  Rpl7; ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
27176  Rpl7a; ribosomal protein L7A [KO:K02936]
108167670  Gm17415; predicted gene, 17415 [KO:K02936]
108168145  Gm5459; predicted gene 5459 [KO:K02936]
108167910  Gm12712; predicted gene 12712 [KO:K02936]
26961  Rpl8; ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
20005  Rpl9; ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
108168114  Gm5451; predicted gene 5451 [KO:K02940]
110954  Rpl10; ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
238217  Rpl10l; ribosomal protein L10-like [KO:K02866]
19896  Rpl10a; ribosomal protein L10A [KO:K02865]
67025  Rpl11; ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
269261  Rpl12; ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
102640707  Gm15793; predicted gene 15793 [KO:K02870]
270106  Rpl13; ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
100040416  Rpl13-ps6; ribosomal protein L13, pseudogene 6 [KO:K02873]
118568567  60S ribosomal protein L13-like [KO:K02873]
118568637  60S ribosomal protein L13-like [KO:K02873]
22121  Rpl13a; ribosomal protein L13A [KO:K02872]
67115  Rpl14; ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
66480  Rpl15; ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
100043805  Gm10224; predicted pseudogene 10224 [KO:K02877]
319195  Rpl17; ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
102632224  Gm8062; predicted pseudogene 8062 [KO:K02880]
102632403  Rpl17-ps8; ribosomal protein L17, pseudogene 8 [KO:K02880]
118568354  60S ribosomal protein L17-like [KO:K02880]
118567798  Gm53596; predicted gene, 53596 [KO:K02880]
19899  Rpl18; ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
76808  Rpl18a; ribosomal protein L18A [KO:K02882]
19921  Rpl19; ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
19933  Rpl21; ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
432725  Gm5445; predicted gene 5445 [KO:K02889]
108167871  Gm11703; predicted gene 11703 [KO:K02889]
108168770  Gm13653; predicted gene 13653 [KO:K02889]
108169053  Gm15682; predicted gene 15682 [KO:K02889]
433319  Gm5528; predicted gene 5528 [KO:K02889]
108167705  Gm46142; predicted gene, 46142 [KO:K02889]
108169063  Gm43247; predicted gene 43247 [KO:K02889]
19934  Rpl22; ribosomal protein L22 [KO:K02891]
68028  Rpl22l1; ribosomal protein L22 like 1 [KO:K02891]
65019  Rpl23; ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
268449  Rpl23a; ribosomal protein L23A [KO:K02893]
101056169  Gm5116; predicted gene 5116 [KO:K02893]
102635284  Gm29627; predicted gene 29627 [KO:K02893]
102637838  Gm6003; predicted gene 6003 [KO:K02893]
102633800  Gm12770; predicted gene 12770 [KO:K02893]
270499  Gm5058; predicted gene 5058 [KO:K02893]
668411  Gm9156; predicted gene 9156 [KO:K02893]
102633076  Gm5329; predicted gene 5329 [KO:K02893]
666790  Gm8290; predicted gene 8290 [KO:K02893]
108167775  Gm8112; predicted gene 8112 [KO:K02893]
666548  Gm8158; predicted gene 8158 [KO:K02893]
666501  Gm8137; predicted gene 8137 [KO:K02893]
666738  Gm8264; predicted gene 8264 [KO:K02893]
118567485  60S ribosomal protein L23a-like [KO:K02893]
108168140  Gm46442; predicted gene, 46442 [KO:K02893]
68193  Rpl24; ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
225215  Rsl24d1; ribosomal L24 domain containing 1 [KO:K02896]
118568368  60S ribosomal protein L24-like [KO:K02896]
19941  Rpl26; ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
19942  Rpl27; ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
26451  Rpl27a; ribosomal protein L27A [KO:K02900]
108168832  Gm13981; predicted gene 13981 [KO:K02900]
115488170  Rpl27a-ps4; ribosomal protein L27A, pseudogene 4 [KO:K02900]
108168824  Gm14439; predicted gene 14439 [KO:K02900]
19943  Rpl28; ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
19944  Rpl29; ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
105243147  Gm39147; predicted gene, 39147 [KO:K02905]
100503125  Gm10913; predicted pseudogene 10913 [KO:K02905]
108168218  Gm5218; predicted gene 5218 [KO:K02905]
108168363  Gm17669; predicted gene, 17669 [KO:K02905]
670211  Gm12508; predicted gene 12508 [KO:K02905]
115486883  Gm8940; predicted gene 8940 [KO:K02905]
19946  Rpl30; ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
619883  Gm6109; predicted gene 6109 [KO:K02908]
108168084  Gm46415; predicted gene, 46415 [KO:K02908]
625281  Gm6570; predicted gene 6570 [KO:K02908]
664969  Gm7429; predicted pseudogene 7429 [KO:K02908]
114641  Rpl31; ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
665562  Rpl31-ps12; ribosomal protein L31, pseudogene 1 2 [KO:K02910]
19951  Rpl32; ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
621697  Rpl32l; ribosomal protein L32-like [KO:K02912]
68436  Rpl34; ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
619547  Rpl34-ps1; ribosomal protein L34, pseudogene 1 [KO:K02915]
66489  Rpl35; ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
57808  Rpl35a; ribosomal protein L35A [KO:K02917]
100039478  Gm11810; predicted gene 11810 [KO:K02917]
108168809  Gm14279; predicted gene 14279 [KO:K02917]
100039532  Gm10029; predicted gene 10029 [KO:K02917]
108168799  Gm11686; predicted gene 11686 [KO:K02917]
118568219  Gm57817; predicted gene, 57817 [KO:K02917]
54217  Rpl36; ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
67281  Rpl37; ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
100502825  Rpl37rt; ribosomal protein L37, retrotransposed [KO:K02922]
19981  Rpl37a; ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
67671  Rpl38; ribosomal protein L38 [KO:K02923]
67248  Rpl39; ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
68172  Rpl39l; ribosomal protein L39-like [KO:K02924]
102635960  Gm15067; predicted gene 15067 [KO:K02924]
22186  Uba52; ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 [KO:K02927]
67945  Rpl41; ribosomal protein L41 [KO:K02928]
19982  Rpl36a; ribosomal protein L36A [KO:K02929]
66483  Rpl36al; ribosomal protein L36A-like [KO:K02929]
115489434  Gm13194; predicted gene 13194 [KO:K02929]
11837  Rplp0; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P0 [KO:K02941]
56040  Rplp1; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P1 [KO:K02942]
102631940  Gm13149; predicted gene 13149 [KO:K02942]
115489397  Gm53232; predicted gene, 53232 [KO:K02942]
666574  Gm13144; predicted gene 13144 [KO:K02942]
67186  Rplp2; ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P2 [KO:K02943]
14131  Fcgr3; Fc receptor, IgG, low affinity III [KO:K06472]
20963  Syk; spleen tyrosine kinase [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
18706  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
18707  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
74769  Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
18709  Pik3r2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
18708  Pik3r1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
18710  Pik3r3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
18803  Plcg1; phospholipase C, gamma 1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
234779  Plcg2; phospholipase C, gamma 2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
18750  Prkca; protein kinase C, alpha [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
18751  Prkcb; protein kinase C, beta [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
18752  Prkcg; protein kinase C, gamma [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
26413  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26417  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26416  Mapk14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
19094  Mapk11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
29857  Mapk12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26415  Mapk13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
24088  Tlr2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
21898  Tlr4; toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
17874  Myd88; myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 [KO:K04729]
170743  Tlr7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
170744  Tlr8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
266632  Irak4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
16179  Irak1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
22034  Traf6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
26409  Map3k7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
68652  Tab2; TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
26419  Mapk8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26420  Mapk9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26414  Mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
14281  Fos; FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene [KO:K04379]
16476  Jun; jun proto-oncogene [KO:K04448]
12675  Chuk; conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
16150  Ikbkb; inhibitor of kappaB kinase beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
16151  Ikbkg; inhibitor of kappaB kinase gamma [KO:K07210]
216799  Nlrp3; NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 [KO:K12800]
12362  Casp1; caspase 1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
142980  Tlr3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
230073  Rigi; RNA sensor RIG-I [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
100038882  Isg15; ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier [KO:K12159]
71586  Ifih1; interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
228607  Mavs; mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein [KO:K12648]
22031  Traf3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 [KO:K03174]
56489  Ikbke; inhibitor of kappaB kinase epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
56480  Tbk1; TANK-binding kinase 1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
54131  Irf3; interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
214763  Cgas; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
72512  Sting1; stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 [KO:K12654]
15962  Ifna1; interferon alpha 1 [KO:K05414]
15965  Ifna2; interferon alpha 2 [KO:K05414]
15967  Ifna4; interferon alpha 4 [KO:K05414]
15968  Ifna5; interferon alpha 5 [KO:K05414]
15969  Ifna6; interferon alpha 6 [KO:K05414]
15970  Ifna7; interferon alpha 7 [KO:K05414]
15972  Ifna9; interferon alpha 9 [KO:K05414]
15964  Ifna11; interferon alpha 11 [KO:K05414]
242519  Ifna12; interferon alpha 12 [KO:K05414]
230396  Ifna13; interferon alpha 13 [KO:K05414]
404549  Ifna14; interferon alpha 14 [KO:K05414]
15974  Ifnab; interferon alpha B [KO:K05414]
242517  Ifna15; interferon alpha 15 [KO:K05414]
230398  Ifna16; interferon alpha 16 [KO:K05414]
15977  Ifnb1; interferon beta 1, fibroblast [KO:K05415]
15975  Ifnar1; interferon (alpha and beta) receptor 1 [KO:K05130]
15976  Ifnar2; interferon (alpha and beta) receptor 2 [KO:K05131]
20846  Stat1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [KO:K11220]
20847  Stat2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 [KO:K11221]
16391  Irf9; interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
56417  Adar; adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
246730  Oas1a; 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1A [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
246728  Oas2; 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
246727  Oas3; 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
23961  Oas1b; 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1B [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
23960  Oas1g; 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1G [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
17858  Mx2; MX dynamin-like GTPase 2 [KO:K14754]
17857  Mx1; MX dynamin-like GTPase 1 [KO:K14754]
19106  Eif2ak2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
12273  C5ar1; complement component 5a receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
12267  C3ar1; complement component 3a receptor 1 [KO:K04009]
12266  C3; complement component 3 [KO:K03990]
14962  Cfb; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
11537  Cfd; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
15139  Hc; hemolytic complement [KO:K03994]
12274  C6; complement component 6 [KO:K03995]
109828  C7; complement component 7 [KO:K03996]
230558  C8a; complement component 8, alpha polypeptide [KO:K03997]
110382  C8b; complement component 8, beta polypeptide [KO:K03998]
69379  C8g; complement component 8, gamma polypeptide [KO:K03999]
12279  C9; complement component 9 [KO:K04000]
20344  Selp; selectin, platelet [KO:K06496]
22371  Vwf; Von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
12259  C1qa; complement component 1, q subcomponent, alpha polypeptide [KO:K03986]
12260  C1qb; complement component 1, q subcomponent, beta polypeptide [KO:K03987]
12262  C1qc; complement component 1, q subcomponent, C chain [KO:K03988]
50909  C1ra; complement component 1, r subcomponent A [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
667277  C1rb; complement component 1, r subcomponent B [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
317677  C1s2; complement component 1, s subcomponent 2 [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
50908  C1s1; complement component 1, s subcomponent 1 [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
12263  C2; complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
12268  C4b; complement C4B (Chido blood group) [KO:K03989]
625018  C4a; complement C4A (Rodgers blood group) [KO:K03989]
17194  Mbl1; mannose-binding lectin (protein A) 1 [KO:K03991]
17195  Mbl2; mannose-binding lectin (protein C) 2 [KO:K03991]
17174  Masp1; MBL associated serine protease 1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
17175  Masp2; MBL associated serine protease 2 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
14061  F2; coagulation factor II [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
74145  F13a1; coagulation factor XIII, A1 subunit [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
14060  F13b; coagulation factor XIII, beta subunit [KO:K03906]
14161  Fga; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
110135  Fgb; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
99571  Fgg; fibrinogen gamma chain [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
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Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
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PMID:32820801
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Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
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Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
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Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
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PMID:33014208
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Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
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Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
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Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
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Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
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PMID:32635353
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Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
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Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
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Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
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Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
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Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32722596
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Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
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Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
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Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
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Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
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Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
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Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
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Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
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Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
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J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
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PMID:32978971
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Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
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Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
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Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32687918
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Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
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South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
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Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32433641
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Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
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Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
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Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32423094
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Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
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COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
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Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
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PMID:33184193
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Kielian M
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Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
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Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
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Complement as a target in COVID-19?
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32461141
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Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
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Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
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Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
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EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32439870
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Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
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Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32643798
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Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
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Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
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J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
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Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32586214
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McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
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Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32995777
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Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
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SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
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bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32693241
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Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
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Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
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Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
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Reference
PMID:32405269
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Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
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Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
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Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
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Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
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Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
mmu03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
mmu04144  Endocytosis
mmu04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
mmu04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
mmu04611  Platelet activation
mmu04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
mmu04614  Renin-angiotensin system
mmu04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
mmu04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
mmu04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
mmu04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
mmu04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
mmu04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
mmu04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
mmu04668  TNF signaling pathway
mmu04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
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