KEGG   PATHWAY: oaa05144
Entry
oaa05144                    Pathway                                
Name
Malaria - Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus)
Description
Plasmodium protozoa are parasites that account for malaria infection. Sporozoite forms of the parasite are injected by mosquito bites under the skin and are carried to the liver where they develop into the merozoite form.
Sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes is mediated by parasite surface protein like CSP. Subsequent infection into red blood cells (RBCs) by merozoites causes malaria disease via aberrant cytokine production and sequestration of parasite-infected red blood cells (pRBCs) to host endothelium. Microvasculature sequestration in the brain brings about cerebral malaria that can results in death or persisting neurological impairment. PfEMP1 has been suggested as the key adhesive molecule of pRBCs.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: parasitic
Pathway map
oaa05144  Malaria
oaa05144

Disease
H00361  Malaria
Organism
Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) [GN:oaa]
Gene
100073807  CD36; platelet glycoprotein 4 [KO:K06259]
100073947  SDC2; syndecan-2 [KO:K16336]
100074558  TLR9; toll-like receptor 9 [KO:K10161]
100074840  TGFB3; transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein [KO:K13377]
100074892  HGF; hepatocyte growth factor isoform X1 [KO:K05460]
100077067  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
100077352  IL10; interleukin-10 [KO:K05443]
100078027  CD46; membrane cofactor protein isoform X1 [KO:K04011]
100079345  MET; hepatocyte growth factor receptor precursor [KO:K05099] [EC:2.7.10.1]
100079949  PECAM1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule [KO:K06471]
100080176  TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein isoform X1 [KO:K13376]
100081248  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
100082089  THBS2; thrombospondin-2 [KO:K04659]
100083298  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
100083615  CD40LG; CD40 ligand [KO:K03161]
100083773  IL18; interleukin-18 [KO:K05482]
100083867  [KO:K06496]
100085643  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
100086041  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05406]
100087121  [KO:K13822]
100087130  [KO:K13822]
100087402  SDC1; syndecan-1 [KO:K06257]
100087962  THBS4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: thrombospondin-4 [KO:K04659]
100090742  ITGAL; integrin alpha-L isoform X1 [KO:K05718]
100091415  VCAM1; vascular cell adhesion protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K06527]
100091453  GYPC; glycophorin-C [KO:K06576]
100092394  ITGB2; integrin beta-2 [KO:K06464]
100092744  [KO:K04659]
100092988  THBS1; thrombospondin-1 [KO:K16857]
103165286  [KO:K04519]
103167765  [KO:K06728]
103170437  [KO:K06575]
103170505  SELE; E-selectin [KO:K06494]
103170567  [KO:K10030]
103170740  [KO:K06728]
103171361  [KO:K06728]
107546926  THBS3; thrombospondin-3 [KO:K04659]
107547032  [KO:K06543]
114806068  CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 [KO:K03160]
114806100  [KO:K13822]
114806148  [KO:K13823]
114808069  ACKR1; atypical chemokine receptor 1 [KO:K06574]
114810318  CD81; CD81 antigen [KO:K06508]
114811053  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
114812005  TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein [KO:K13375]
114815000  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
114817651  [KO:K06728]
114817669  [KO:K06728]
114817792  [KO:K06728]
114817943  [KO:K06728]
Compound
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00634  Chondroitin 4-sulfate
G00052  Type II B antigen
G00054  Type II A antigen
G10505  Hyaluronic acid
Reference
PMID:19101208
  Authors
Morahan BJ, Wang L, Coppel RL
  Title
No TRAP, no invasion.
  Journal
Trends Parasitol 25:77-84 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2008.11.004
Reference
PMID:8920859
  Authors
Shakibaei M, Frevert U
  Title
Dual interaction of the malaria circumsporozoite protein with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
  Journal
J Exp Med 184:1699-711 (1996)
DOI:10.1084/jem.184.5.1699
Reference
PMID:15106591
  Authors
Silvie O, Franetich JF, Renia L, Mazier D
  Title
Malaria sporozoite: migrating for a living.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 10:97-100; discussion 100-1 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2004.01.004
Reference
PMID:15464448
  Authors
Mota MM, Giordano S, Rodriguez A
  Title
Targeting Plasmodium host cells: survival within hepatocytes.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 10:487-92 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2004.08.003
Reference
PMID:12364790
  Authors
Cowman AF, Crabb BS
  Title
The Plasmodium falciparum genome--a blueprint for erythrocyte invasion.
  Journal
Science 298:126-8 (2002)
DOI:10.1126/science.1078169
Reference
PMID:16019257
  Authors
O'Donnell RA, Blackman MJ
  Title
The role of malaria merozoite proteases in red blood cell invasion.
  Journal
Curr Opin Microbiol 8:422-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.018
Reference
PMID:17630968
  Authors
Iyer J, Gruner AC, Renia L, Snounou G, Preiser PR
  Title
Invasion of host cells by malaria parasites: a tale of two protein families.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 65:231-49 (2007)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05791.x
Reference
PMID:11224682
  Authors
Chitnis CE
  Title
Molecular insights into receptors used by malaria parasites for erythrocyte invasion.
  Journal
Curr Opin Hematol 8:85-91 (2001)
DOI:10.1097/00062752-200103000-00005
Reference
PMID:15094163
  Authors
Rasti N, Wahlgren M, Chen Q
  Title
Molecular aspects of malaria pathogenesis.
  Journal
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 41:9-26 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.femsim.2004.01.010
Reference
PMID:15463497
  Authors
Clark IA, Rockett KA, Cowden WB
  Title
Proposed link between cytokines, nitric oxide and human cerebral malaria.
  Journal
Parasitol Today 7:205-7 (1991)
DOI:10.1016/0169-4758(91)90142-B
Reference
PMID:18250459
  Authors
Hisaeda H, Tetsutani K, Imai T, Moriya C, Tu L, Hamano S, Duan X, Chou B, Ishida H, Aramaki A, Shen J, Ishii KJ, Coban C, Akira S, Takeda K, Yasutomo K, Torii M, Himeno K
  Title
Malaria parasites require TLR9 signaling for immune evasion by activating regulatory T cells.
  Journal
J Immunol 180:2496-503 (2008)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2496
Reference
PMID:10885986
  Authors
Chen Q, Schlichtherle M, Wahlgren M
  Title
Molecular aspects of severe malaria.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 13:439-50 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.13.3.439-450.2000
Reference
PMID:11832955
  Authors
Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK
  Title
The pathogenic basis of malaria.
  Journal
Nature 415:673-9 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415673a
Reference
PMID:19967139
  Authors
Faille D, El-Assaad F, Alessi MC, Fusai T, Combes V, Grau GE
  Title
Platelet-endothelial cell interactions in cerebral malaria: the end of a cordial understanding.
  Journal
Thromb Haemost 102:1093-102 (2009)
DOI:10.1160/TH09-05-0337
Reference
PMID:16138104
  Authors
Schofield L, Grau GE
  Title
Immunological processes in malaria pathogenesis.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:722-35 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1686
Reference
PMID:14737184
  Authors
Ishino T, Yano K, Chinzei Y, Yuda M
  Title
Cell-passage activity is required for the malarial parasite to cross the liver sinusoidal cell layer.
  Journal
PLoS Biol 2:E4 (2004)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020004
Reference
PMID:16468982
  Authors
Kariu T, Ishino T, Yano K, Chinzei Y, Yuda M
  Title
CelTOS, a novel malarial protein that mediates transmission to mosquito and vertebrate hosts.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 59:1369-79 (2006)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.05024.x
Reference
PMID:20091081
  Authors
Cox D, McConkey S
  Title
The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 67:557-68 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-009-0211-3
Related
pathway
oaa04210  Apoptosis
oaa04514  Cell adhesion molecules
oaa04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
oaa04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko05144   

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