Entry
Name
Spinocerebellar ataxia - Rattus norvegicus (rat)
Description
The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterised by loss of balance and motor coordination due to the primary dysfunction of the cerebellum. Compelling evidence points to major aetiological roles for transcriptional dysregulation, protein aggregation and clearance, autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, alterations of calcium homeostasis, mitochondria defects, toxic RNA gain-of-function mechanisms and eventual cell death with apoptotic features of neurons during SCA disease progression.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Rattus norvegicus (rat) [GN:
rno ]
Gene
60395 Trpc3; short transient receptor potential channel 3 [KO:K04966 ]
24414 Grm1; metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 isoform alpha precursor [KO:K04603 ]
81666 Gnaq; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
24654 Plcb1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
29322 Plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
85240 Plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
25031 Plcb4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
50592 Gria1; glutamate receptor 1 precursor [KO:K05197 ]
29627 Gria2; glutamate receptor 2 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K05198 ]
29628 Gria3; glutamate receptor 3 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K05199 ]
25398 Cacna1a; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344 ]
25262 Itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform 3 [KO:K04958 ]
81678 Itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959 ]
25679 Itpr3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960 ]
24408 Grin1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform 1a precursor [KO:K05208 ]
24409 Grin2a; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A precursor [KO:K05209 ]
24410 Grin2b; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B precursor [KO:K05210 ]
24411 Grin2c; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C [KO:K05211 ]
24412 Grin2d; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D precursor [KO:K05212 ]
191573 Grin3a; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05213 ]
170796 Grin3b; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B precursor [KO:K05214 ]
294560 Mcu; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K20858 ]
83529 Vdac1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
83531 Vdac2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
83532 Vdac3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 [KO:K15041 ]
498885 Slc25a6; solute carrier family 25 member 6 [KO:K05863 ]
282819 Ppif; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K09565 ] [EC:5.2.1.8 ]
307350 Afg3l2; AFG3-like protein 2 [KO:K08956 ] [EC:3.4.24.-]
361436 Afg3l1; AFG3(ATPase family gene 3)-like 1 [KO:K08956 ] [EC:3.4.24.-]
298282 Oma1; metalloendopeptidase OMA1, mitochondrial [KO:K23010 ] [EC:3.4.24.-]
63851 Fgf14; fibroblast growth factor 14 isoform 1 [KO:K23920 ]
29211 Sptbn2; spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 2 [KO:K23932 ]
25581 Psmc2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03061 ]
117263 Psmc1; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K03062 ]
117262 Psmc4; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B [KO:K03063 ]
289990 Psmc6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B [KO:K03064 ]
29677 Psmc3; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A [KO:K03065 ]
81827 Psmc5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03066 ]
287984 Psmd2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028 ]
83806 Psmd1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K03032 ]
287670 Psmd3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033 ]
161475 Psmd9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 [KO:K06693 ]
287772 Psmd12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035 ]
303353 Psmd11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036 ]
289924 Psmd6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K03037 ]
307821 Psmd7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038 ]
365388 Psmd13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 [KO:K03039 ]
83499 Psmd4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K03029 ]
311078 Psmd14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030 ]
292766 Psmd8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031 ]
65138 Adrm1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 [KO:K06691 ]
680532 Sem1; 26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1 [KO:K10881 ]
498013 Ern1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
300807 Rora; nuclear receptor ROR-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08532 ]
29693 Atp2a2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform b [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
84012 Slc1a6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 [KO:K05617 ]
362268 Rbpjl; recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless-like protein [KO:K06053 ]
679028 Rbpj; recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless isoform 1 [KO:K06053 ]
81673 Gtf2b; transcription initiation factor IIB [KO:K03124 ]
29508 Nfya; nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha isoform 2 [KO:K08064 ]
289754 Xbp1; X-box-binding protein 1 isoform XBP1(U) [KO:K09027 ]
300240 Atg101; autophagy-related protein 101 isoform 2 [KO:K19730 ]
312927 Rb1cc1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 [KO:K17589 ]
59319 Ambra1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 [KO:K17985 ]
305831 Atg14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889 ]
58839 Nrbf2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 [KO:K21246 ]
499670 RGD1560263; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K21246 ]
689688 Atg2a; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A [KO:K17906 ]
288498 Wipi2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 [KO:K17908 ]
303630 Wipi1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908 ]
117101 Kcnc3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 3 [KO:K04889 ]
65195 Kcnd3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 isoform 1 [KO:K04893 ]
25696 Vldlr; very low-density lipoprotein receptor precursor [KO:K20053 ]
85243 Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
170911 Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
366508 Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
134484121 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
25513 Pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649 ]
60664 Pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
29741 Pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04549 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
Reference
Authors
Matilla-Duenas A, Sanchez I, Corral-Juan M, Davalos A, Alvarez R, Latorre P
Title
Cellular and molecular pathways triggering neurodegeneration in the spinocerebellar ataxias.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Duenas AM, Goold R, Giunti P
Title
Molecular pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxias.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mark MD, Schwitalla JC, Groemmke M, Herlitze S
Title
Keeping Our Calcium in Balance to Maintain Our Balance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Egorova PA, Bezprozvanny IB
Title
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shimobayashi E, Kapfhammer JP
Title
Calcium Signaling, PKC Gamma, IP3R1 and CAR8 Link Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Purkinje Cell Dendritic Development.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kasumu A, Bezprozvanny I
Title
Deranged calcium signaling in Purkinje cells and pathogenesis in spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) and other ataxias.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Egorova P, Popugaeva E, Bezprozvanny I
Title
Disturbed calcium signaling in spinocerebellar ataxias and Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hisatsune C, Hamada K, Mikoshiba K
Title
Ca(2+) signaling and spinocerebellar ataxia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Takada SH, Ikebara JM, de Sousa E, Cardoso DS, Resende RR, Ulrich H, Ruckl M, Rudiger S, Kihara AH
Title
Determining the Roles of Inositol Trisphosphate Receptors in Neurodegeneration: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on a Complex Topic.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brown SA, Loew LM
Title
Integration of modeling with experimental and clinical findings synthesizes and refines the central role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 in spinocerebellar ataxia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Inoue T
Title
Dynamics of calcium and its roles in the dendrite of the cerebellar Purkinje cell.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Adachi N, Kobayashi T, Takahashi H, Kawasaki T, Shirai Y, Ueyama T, Matsuda T, Seki T, Sakai N, Saito N
Title
Enzymological analysis of mutant protein kinase Cgamma causing spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 and dysfunction in Ca2+ homeostasis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Smeets CJ, Jezierska J, Watanabe H, Duarri A, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Zhou Q, Yakovleva T, Boddeke E, den Dunnen W, van Deursen J, Bakalkin G, Kampinga HH, van de Sluis B, Verbeek DS
Title
Elevated mutant dynorphin A causes Purkinje cell loss and motor dysfunction in spinocerebellar ataxia type 23.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tulli S, Del Bondio A, Baderna V, Mazza D, Codazzi F, Pierson TM, Ambrosi A, Nolte D, Goizet C, Toro C, Baets J, Deconinck T, DeJonghe P, Mandich P, Casari G, Maltecca F
Title
Pathogenic variants in the AFG3L2 proteolytic domain cause SCA28 through haploinsufficiency and proteostatic stress-driven OMA1 activation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mancini C, Hoxha E, Iommarini L, Brussino A, Richter U, Montarolo F, Cagnoli C, Parolisi R, Gondor Morosini DI, Nicolo V, Maltecca F, Muratori L, Ronchi G, Geuna S, Arnaboldi F, Donetti E, Giorgio E, Cavalieri S, Di Gregorio E, Pozzi E, Ferrero M, Riberi E, Casari G, Altruda F, Turco E, Gasparre G, Battersby BJ, Porcelli AM, Ferrero E, Brusco A, Tempia F
Title
Mice harbouring a SCA28 patient mutation in AFG3L2 develop late-onset ataxia associated with enhanced mitochondrial proteotoxicity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Becker EBE
Title
From Mice to Men: TRPC3 in Cerebellar Ataxia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hoxha E, Tempia F, Lippiello P, Miniaci MC
Title
Modulation, Plasticity and Pathophysiology of the Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapse.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yan H, Pablo JL, Pitt GS
Title
FGF14 regulates presynaptic Ca2+ channels and synaptic transmission.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tada M, Nishizawa M, Onodera O
Title
Roles of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in spinocerebellar ataxias.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Pietrobon D
Title
CaV2.1 channelopathies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Matsuyama Z, Yanagisawa NK, Aoki Y, Black JL 3rd, Lennon VA, Mori Y, Imoto K, Inuzuka T
Title
Polyglutamine repeats of spinocerebellar ataxia 6 impair the cell-death-preventing effect of CaV2.1 Ca2+ channel--loss-of-function cellular model of SCA6.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nishitoh H, Matsuzawa A, Tobiume K, Saegusa K, Takeda K, Inoue K, Hori S, Kakizuka A, Ichijo H
Title
ASK1 is essential for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal cell death triggered by expanded polyglutamine repeats.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Evers MM, Toonen LJ, van Roon-Mom WM
Title
Ataxin-3 protein and RNA toxicity in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: current insights and emerging therapeutic strategies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ashkenazi A, Bento CF, Ricketts T, Vicinanza M, Siddiqi F, Pavel M, Squitieri F, Hardenberg MC, Imarisio S, Menzies FM, Rubinsztein DC
Title
Polyglutamine tracts regulate autophagy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chen RH, Chen YH, Huang TY
Title
Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of autophagy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Serra HG, Duvick L, Zu T, Carlson K, Stevens S, Jorgensen N, Lysholm A, Burright E, Zoghbi HY, Clark HB, Andresen JM, Orr HT
Title
RORalpha-mediated Purkinje cell development determines disease severity in adult SCA1 mice.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rousseaux MWC, Tschumperlin T, Lu HC, Lackey EP, Bondar VV, Wan YW, Tan Q, Adamski CJ, Friedrich J, Twaroski K, Chen W, Tolar J, Henzler C, Sharma A, Bajic A, Lin T, Duvick L, Liu Z, Sillitoe RV, Zoghbi HY, Orr HT
Title
ATXN1-CIC Complex Is the Primary Driver of Cerebellar Pathology in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 through a Gain-of-Function Mechanism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jimenez G, Shvartsman SY, Paroush Z
Title
The Capicua repressor--a general sensor of RTK signaling in development and disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gennarino VA, Palmer EE, McDonell LM, Wang L, Adamski CJ, Koire A, See L, Chen CA, Schaaf CP, Rosenfeld JA, Panzer JA, Moog U, Hao S, Bye A, Kirk EP, Stankiewicz P, Breman AM, McBride A, Kandula T, Dubbs HA, Macintosh R, Cardamone M, Zhu Y, Ying K, Dias KR, Cho MT, Henderson LB, Baskin B, Morris P, Tao J, Cowley MJ, Dinger ME, Roscioli T, Caluseriu O, Suchowersky O, Sachdev RK, Lichtarge O, Tang J, Boycott KM, Holder JL Jr, Zoghbi HY
Title
A Mild PUM1 Mutation Is Associated with Adult-Onset Ataxia, whereas Haploinsufficiency Causes Developmental Delay and Seizures.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Irie T, Matsuzaki Y, Sekino Y, Hirai H
Title
Kv3.3 channels harbouring a mutation of spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 alter excitability and induce cell death in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bushart DD, Murphy GG, Shakkottai VG
Title
Precision medicine in spinocerebellar ataxias: treatment based on common mechanisms of disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hsiao CT, Fu SJ, Liu YT, Lu YH, Zhong CY, Tang CY, Soong BW, Jeng CJ
Title
Novel SCA19/22-associated KCND3 mutations disrupt human KV 4.3 protein biosynthesis and channel gating.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Duarri A, Lin MC, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Smeets CJ, Nibbeling EA, Boddeke E, Sinke RJ, Kampinga HH, Papazian DM, Verbeek DS
Title
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 19/22 mutations alter heterocomplex Kv4.3 channel function and gating in a dominant manner.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Matilla-Duenas A, Volpini V
Title
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 37
Journal
GeneReviews (1993)
Reference
Authors
Corral-Juan M, Serrano-Munuera C, Rabano A, Cota-Gonzalez D, Segarra-Roca A, Ispierto L, Cano-Orgaz AT, Adarmes AD, Mendez-Del-Barrio C, Jesus S, Mir P, Volpini V, Alvarez-Ramo R, Sanchez I, Matilla-Duenas A
Title
Clinical, genetic and neuropathological characterization of spinocerebellar ataxia type 37.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Swinnen B, Robberecht W, Van Den Bosch L
Title
RNA toxicity in non-coding repeat expansion disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ishikawa K, Nagai Y
Title
Molecular Mechanisms and Future Therapeutics for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 31 (SCA31).
Journal
Reference
Authors
Niimi Y, Takahashi M, Sugawara E, Umeda S, Obayashi M, Sato N, Ishiguro T, Higashi M, Eishi Y, Mizusawa H, Ishikawa K
Title
Abnormal RNA structures (RNA foci) containing a penta-nucleotide repeat (UGGAA)n in the Purkinje cell nucleus is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 pathogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kobayashi H, Abe K, Matsuura T, Ikeda Y, Hitomi T, Akechi Y, Habu T, Liu W, Okuda H, Koizumi A
Title
Expansion of intronic GGCCTG hexanucleotide repeat in NOP56 causes SCA36, a type of spinocerebellar ataxia accompanied by motor neuron involvement.
Journal
Related pathway
rno04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
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